This article is about the capital of France.

Administration Country France Region Ile-de-France ( prefecture ) Department Paris ( prefecture ) District Paris ( County seat ) Township County town of 20 cantons (the districts ) Common Code 75056 Zip code 75001 to 75020 and 75116 Mayor Current term of office Bertrand Delanoë 2008 – 2014 Website paris.fr Demography Population 2,211,297 inhabitants. ( 2008 ) Density 20 980 inhabitants / km 2 Urban area 12,089,098 inhabitants. ( 2008 ) Demonym Paris Geography Coordinates 48 ° 51 ’24 “North        2 ° 21 ’07 “East Altitudes mini. 28 m – max. 131 m Area 105.40 km 2 [County] Location map National

See the physical map Paris (pronounced [ p has ? i ]  ), most populous city and capital of France , chief town of the region Île-de-France and unique common – Department of the country, is located in the center of the Paris basin , a loop of the Seine , between the confluence with the Marne upstream and with the Oise downstream. Its inhabitants are called Parisians. The city is divided into 20 arrondissements . According to the census of the INSEE 1 , the municipality of Paris were at a st January 2008 approximately 2.2 million inhabitants. The city of Paris has largely developed during the xx th  century, involving 10.4 million people in a st January 2008 2 , and its urban area (the urban and peri-crown) were approximately 12.1 million inhabitants in a st January 2008 3 . It is one of European cities more populated. The position of Paris, a crossroads of trade routes and land and river in the heart of a rich agricultural region, has made ??it one of the main cities in France during the x th  century, the palace royal, rich abbeys and a cathedral  , in the xii th  century, Paris became one of the first homes in Europe for education and the arts. The royal power setting in the city, its economic and political importance is growing. Thus, early in the xiv th  payday loan century, Paris is the largest city of the whole Christian world . In the xvii th  century, it is the capital of the first European political power, the xviii th  century the cultural center of Europe and the xix th  century capital of the arts and pleasures. Paris has played a major political and economic role in the history of Europe during the II th millennium . Symbol of French culture , with many monuments, the city attracted in the 2000s nearly three million visitors a year 4 . Paris also occupies a prominent place in the world of fashion and luxury . Paris, along with its suburbs, the economic and commercial capital of France, and its first financial and stock market. The Paris region , with a gross domestic product (GDP) of 552.7 billion euros in 2008 5 , is an economic European major. It is a re European region in terms of regional GDP 6 and 6 th in terms of GDP per capita PPP 7 . The density of its railway, highway and airport structure, the hub of French and European air network, make it a focal point for international transport. This is the result of a long evolution, in particular designs centralizing monarchies and republics, which give a significant role in the capital in the country and tend to focus institutions. Since the year 1960 , however, successive governments have implemented policies of devolution and decentralization . Summary  [ hide ] 1 Geography 1.1 Topography 1.2 Hydrography 1.3 Geology and terrain 1.4 Climate 1.5 Transport 1.6 Environment 2 Planning 2.1 Urban Morphology 2.2 Highways Paris 2.3 Paris and its suburbs 2.4 Housing 2.5 Urban Sociology 3 Toponymy 4 History 4.1 Prehistory and Antiquity 4.2 Middle Ages 4.3 From the Renaissance to the XVIII th  century 4.4 The French Revolution and the Empire 4.5 From the Restoration to the Paris Commune 4.6 From the Belle Époque to World War II 4.7 The contemporary Paris 5 Policy and Administration 5.1 Administrative Organization 5.2 Status 5.3 The lack of an intermunicipal 5.4 List of mayors 5.5 Budget and Taxation 5.6 judicial and administrative 5.7 Pairing 6 Population and Society 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Immigration 6.3 Population decline and recent recovery of Paris 6.4 Families and households in Paris 6.5 Education 6.5.1 Schools 6.5.2 University life 6.5.3 History 6.5.4 Current Situation 6.6 Cultural events and festivities 6.7 Health 6.8 Sports 6.9 Media 6.9.1 Print Media 6.9.2 Local TV 6.10 Worship 06.11 Personalities linked to Paris 7 Economy 7.1 Population and income tax 7.2 Businesses and shops 7.3 Business Districts 7.4 Tourism 8 Local Culture and Heritage 8.1 Monuments and tourist sites 8.1.1 Parks and Gardens 8.1.2 Cemeteries 8.2 Cultural Heritage 8.2.1 Museums 8.2.2 Libraries 8.2.3 operas, theaters and concert halls 8.2.4 Cinema 8.2.5 Cafes, restaurants and hotels 8.3 Paris, literary and intellectual center 8.4 Paris in the arts and culture 8.4.1 Paris in the literature 8.4.2 Paris in painting and sculpture 8.4.3 Paris in music and song 8.4.4 photography in Paris 8.4.5 Paris in film 8.4.6 Paris in popular culture 8.4.7 Paris in video games 8.4.8 Paris, headquarters of international organizations 8.4.9 Paris, the capital of fashion and luxury 08/04/10 Paris in the ninth art 08/04/11 Paris, capital of cinema 8.5 Paris, myth and reality 8.6 Heraldry, logo and slogan 9 To further 9.1 Bibliography 9.2 External Links 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References Geography

 

View of the city from Notre-Dame de Paris . Neighboring towns of PARIS Clichy , Levallois-Perret , Neuilly-sur-Seine

Saint-Ouen , Saint-Denis , Aubervilliers Pantin , Le Pré Saint Gervais , Les Lilas

Puteaux , Suresnes , St. Cloud

Bagnolet , Montreuil , Saint-Mandé , Vincennes , Fontenay-sous-Bois , Nogent-sur-Marne Boulogne-Billancourt , Issy-les-Moulineaux , Vanves Malakoff , Montrouge , Gentilly , Kremlin Bicetre Joinville-le-Pont , Saint-Maurice , Charenton-le-Pont , Ivry-sur-Seine Topography  At the heart of the Paris Basin , two islands on the Seine is the historical heart of Paris: the Ile de la Cité in the west and the Ile Saint-Louis in the east. The city extends on either side of the river, an area about twice the north, on the right bank , to the south, on the left bank . Several reliefs composed of outlier gypsum form small hills s 1  : on the right bank Montmartre ( 131 m ), Belleville ( 128.5 m ), Ménilmontant ( 108 m ), the Buttes-Chaumont ( 103 m ), Passy ( 71 m ) and Chaillot ( 67 m ) on the left bank Montparnasse ( 66 m ), the Butte-aux-Quail ( 63 m ) and the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève ( 61 m ).

Zero point of the roads of France Central Paris, is delimited in 1844 by the walls of Thiers and administratively in 1860 by the annexation of municipalities or neighborhoods, is now separated from its surrounding communities by an artificial boundary 8 , the ring , fast track urban 35 km . The access roads are made ??by the gates of Paris or roads and highways that join the ring road, including the progressive coverage makes it easier to open Paris to its suburbs. Beyond the walls of Thiers, two large wooded areas have been built by Baron Haussmann , prefect of chiropractic marketing the Seine from 1853 to 1870, on neighboring municipalities before being linked to Paris in 1929  : West The Bois de Boulogne ( 846 hectares , 16 e ) and east, the Bois de Vincennes ( 995 hectares , 12 e ), bringing the perimeter of the city to 54.74 km . Paris also extends on the helipad (15 th arrondissement). More anecdotally, since 1864, the city of Paris owns the area surrounding the source of the Seine 9 , at 231 km from the city. The area of the city of Paris is 105.40 km 2 (113 th among the communes of France Metropolitan), that of its urban unit of 2 845 km 2 , comprising 10,354,675 inhabitants in 2008 earnings, in 2010, 412 communes of Île-de-France 10 . The zero point of the roads of France is marked on a slab in front of Notre-Dame de Paris .

View of Paris at dusk, from the Montparnasse Tower. Hydrography  Articles: Seine , Rate the Seine in Paris , Bievre , Canal Saint-Martin and List of bridges in Paris . The Seine through the city, forming an arc, entering from the south-east to exit to the southwest. More than thirty bridges can cross the river.

The Pont des Arts and Pont Neuf, two of the most famous bridges of Paris The city is also crossed by the Bievre , now completely underground, coming from the south, and the Canal Saint-Martin (4.5 km), opened in online cash advance 1825 . It is the terminal part of the Ourcq canal (108 km) and the Canal Saint-Denis (6.6 km), opened in 1821 , which can reach the Seine downstream avoiding crossing the city. It feeds the Bassin de la Villette, going underground under the boulevard Jules Ferry and Richard Lenoir and the Place de la Bastille , through the port of Arsenal and joins the Seine upstream of the Ile Saint-Louis 1 f .

180 degree panoramic view of the Seine near the Pont Saint-Michel (left) and Notre Dame (right image). Formerly, the Seine in Paris was still receiving another tributary: the stream Ménilmontant crossing the outskirts Saint-Martin STD Test and Saint-Denis , passed behind the Grange Bateliere , continued across the Ville l’Eveque and the Roule and threw Seine in the north of the hill of Chaillot . From XVI th century it was transformed into a sewer and became the Grand Sewer 11 . The city has seen many floods, the most important 12 are for 583, 842, 1206, 1280, 1325, 1407, 1499, 1616, 1658, 1663, 1719, 1733, 1740, 1764, 1799, 1802, 1836, 1844, 1876, 1910 , 1920, 1924, 1945 and 1955. Geology and relief  The Paris Basin , there are formed 41 million years, form a large set of successive sedimentary layers. This is an epicontinental marine basin resting on massive dating from Paleozoic , the Vosges , the Massif Central and the Armorican Massif . With the formation of the Alps , the pool is closed but vps hosting is open to the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean , foreshadowing future river basins of the Loire and the Seine . At the end of the Oligocene , the Paris Basin is continental 13 . In 1911 , Paul Lemoine shows that the basin is composed of layers arranged in concentric troughs 14 , 15 and extensive studies on seismic data, boreholes and wells confirm the concentric layers in pans, but with complex objects such as faults . The training of the relief of Paris are in the layers of the Mesozoic and Paleogene ( Tertiary ) and were developed by the erosion . The first stratum dating from the Tertiary consists of alluvial deposits of the Seine to modern times. The oldest deposits of sand and clay dating from the floor Sparnacian present in the 16 th district of Auteuil at the Trocadero . But the floor is the most famous Lutetian , rich in gypsum and limestone 16 .

Overview of underground quarries of Paris . The basement Paris is characterized by the presence of numerous quarries of limestone , gypsum and stone millstone . Some were used as catacombs and form the ossuary City, part of which is open to the public. The limestone was used to xiv th  century on the left bank of the Place d’Italie in Vaugirard , and its extraction has now moved to the Oise , in Saint-Maximin , for example 17 . The use of gypsum has been very active in Montmartre and Bagneux . The hydrogeology is strongly influenced by urbanization. The Bievre , a small tributary of the Seine that has shaped the entire left bank was covered in the xix th  century for hygienic reasons. Many ground water present in the basement of Paris, by drilling provide water to the city, like those of Auteuil . The water Albian is the best known in the Paris region and is operated in Paris in 1841 by the artesian well of Grenelle 18 . Climate Main article: Climate of Paris . Paris has a maritime climate gradient: the influence of continental and oceanic exceeds that results in an average temperature of 18 ° C in summer and 6 ° C in winter, with frequent rain in all seasons and changing weather but lower rainfall ( 641 mm ) than on the coasts, and some peaks temperatures (continental influence) in the heart of winter or summer. The development of urbanization causes an increase in temperature and a decrease in the number of days of fog s 2 , 19 . Month January February March April May Jul. Jul. Aug. September October November December year Mean minimum temperature ( ° C ) 2.7 2.8 5.3 7.4 10.9 13.8 15.6 15.5 12.7 9.6 5.8 3.6 8.8 Average temperature (° C) 4.9 5.6 8.8 11.5 15.3 18.3 20.4 20.4 16.9 13 8.3 5.7 12.4 Average maximum temperature (° C) 7.2 8.4 12.3 15.6 19.7 22.7 25.2 25.2 21.1 16.3 10.8 7.8 16 Precipitation ( mm ) 50.8 41.2 48.1 53.1 63.6 49.8 60.9 52 47 62.5 50.4 57 635.8 Record cold (° C) -14.6 -14.7 -9.1 -3.5 -0.1 3.1 6 6.3 1.8 -3.1 -14 -23.9 -23.9 Record heat (° C) 16.1 21.4 25.7 30.2 34.8 37.6 40.4 39.5 36.2 28.4 21 17.1 40.4 Source: The climate in Paris-Montsouris (in ° C and mm, mean monthly records since 1873 and 1981/2000) [1]

Transportation  Main articles: Transport in Paris , Transport in Île-de-France and Paris Airport .

A train 89 MP Station Nation , on line 1 of the Paris Metro .

Vélib ‘station Place de la Bastille, with bike paths In addition to a dense network of lines of bus and subway , the city is served by the tram line T3 and more modestly by the tram line T2 mainly located in the Hauts-de-Seine . Paris is served by the RER , suburban rail network that facilitates relationships across the Paris area. Six major train stations link it to its periphery with a dozen lines of railway commuter ( Transilien ) in all cities in France and neighboring countries through the TGV or conventional trains. Paris is Europe’s second largest city in air passenger traffic in 2009 20 and the fifth in the world in 2008 4 . The two airports that receive most of the traffic – Orly and especially Roissy-Charles de Gaulle – transported 83 million passengers in 2009 20 and 2.41 million tonnes of cargo in 2007 21 . The traffic is very dense and often difficult despite the wide streets laid out by Haussmann in the xix th  century, which greatly facilitated when an already high traffic at that time. The city is surrounded by a ring road , the busiest expressway in Europe s 3 with 270,000 vehicles per day 22 . A network of highways in urban spider web connects to outlying communities and the rest of the country. In 2010, a study place the greater Paris European Champion of traffic jams on 109 cities studied. Motorists spend an average of 70 hours annually in traffic 23 . Parking is difficult in Paris and paid in almost all the streets, the municipality pursuing a policy of promoting public transport and cycling. Thus, since 1996 the city has a network of bike paths constantly growing up in late 2007, according to figures released by the city, 400 km including strips and bike lanes and bus lanes extended s 4 , 24 . As a result of Rennes and Lyon , the Paris City Hall launched July 15, 2007 a ??system of rental bikes free of charge , called Vélib ‘ , with the densest network in Europe, 20,000 bikes in late 2007, 1400 stations in Paris, one every 300 meters on average, and managed by JCDecaux s 5 . Mid-2010, 16,623  taxis circulating in Paris s 6 . Paris launched October 2, 2011 part 25 the system of car rental self-service short-term “  Autolib ‘  . ” Given by public service delegation to the group Bolloré , this service allows you to rent a vehicle designed specifically for this purpose: the Bluecar , fully electric car with four seats of 3.65 meters in length, with a trunk of 350 dm 3 and autonomy ranging from 150 to 250 km 26 . Environment  Main article: Environment in Paris . Like all major cities in the world, Paris is undergoing environmental consequences at the level of its population and economic activity s 7 . Paris is the capital of the densest of Europe in population. The proportion of green space is very limited, despite the parks and gardens that were created over the last two decades to fill the gap, resulting in biodiversity relatively small 27 . The air pollution and noise are public health problems and have motivated the creation of monitoring networks (such as Airparif ). Urban

Urban morphology  Main articles: History of Parisian urbanism , planning regulations of Paris and List of tallest buildings in the Ile-de-France . Most of the French sovereigns since the Middle Ages were keen to leave their mark on a city that has never been destroyed, unlike London ( Great Fire of 1666 ), Lisbon ( 1755 earthquake ) or Berlin (fighting in the World War II ). While retaining the imprint of the ancient past in the layout of some streets, Paris has developed over the centuries a consistent style and was able to modernize its infrastructure. Until the Middle Ages, the city was composed of ten islands or sandbars, which there are only two 28 . Main article: List of islands of Paris . The current organization of the city owes much to the work of Haussmann , under the Second Empire . He pierce the most busiest routes today ( Boulevard St. Germain , Boulevard de Sebastopol , etc.).. Paris is often associated with the alignment of buildings of equal height along tree-lined avenues, facades punctuated by the ornaments on the second floor and the continuous balcony on the fifth floor. The center of Paris is different from that of many other major western cities by population density Note 1 . There has long been the strict planning , particularly limits on building height. Today, the new buildings of more than thirty-seven meters are allowed only exceptionally and the height limit is even lower in many neighborhoods s 8 . The Montparnasse Tower ( 210 meters ) is from 1973 the tallest building in Paris, and even France until 2009 . The skyscrapers are increasing in the inner suburbs, particularly in the district of La Défense  : in Courbevoie , in the neighborhood of a defense , the First Tower renovated reaches 231 meters in height and other towers, height between 265 meters and 323 meters , are planned. Highways Paris  Articles: Ways of Paris , Place de Paris , List of bridges in Paris , Portes de Paris and the boulevards List of Marshals and the gates of Paris . Paris had 6,088 public or private roads in 1997 . Among the most notable include the Avenue Foch ( 16 e ), the largest in Paris with 120 meters , while the Avenue de Selves ( 8 th ) Avenue is the shortest with 110 meters in length . The longest street in Paris is the Rue de Vaugirard ( 6 th and 15 th ) with 4360 meters . The street Degrees ( 2 e ) is itself the shortest street with only 5.75 meters while the Street of the Cat-Fishing ( 5 e ) is officially the closest with a minimum width of 1.80 meter  , some sources indicate, however, the trail Merisiers in the 12 th , which measures less than one meter. Finally, the path is the steepest street Gasnier-Guy ( 20 e ) with a slope of 17% s 9 . Paris and its suburbs  Main article: Paris area .

The Paris area seen by satellite. It clearly distinguishes the expansion of urbanization along the large valleys and channels of communication.

Residential buildings of Neuilly-sur-Seine .

Housing estates in Bagnolet . Between 1870 and 1940 , the capital of France is gradually taking a new look: Paris gives way to “Grand Paris”. The administrative organization of Paris had been under Napoleon III adaptation to demographic change. But then the city remained locked in the walls of Thiers (the limit in 1860 ) without knowing the new administrative changes. Paris, crowded, unable to accommodate the large influx provincial, local devices absorb the overflow of population growth related to the rural-urban migration and economic growth of the city: the contemporary notion of “  suburb  “makes its appearance. Now, there is less talk of Paris as the Paris region. Hitherto largely ignored, new problems, such as transport, appear. In 1961 , at the request of General de Gaulle , Paul Delouvrier last urban development plans and develops the construction of five new towns and the network of RER . But the major change is not accompanied by the creation of a single authority, instead seeing two of the three departments of the Paris region (the Seine and Seine-et-Oise ) in September to be, they are more nearby residents, also disperse the fiscal resources and political skills. While the population of the city of Paris decreases significantly from 1954 to 1982 (- 23.6%), then more slowly at the end of xx th  century before increasing slightly in recent years, that of the suburbs without increased continuously since the end of the xix th  century, to total at xxi th  century nearly 80% of the population of greater Paris. Social geography of the city was modeled on the major trends of the city during the xix th  century the upper classes are found in the west and southwest and most popular in the north and east. Other areas are populated by middle class, with some exceptions related to the site and the history of Commons, as Saint-Maur-des-Fosses east and Enghien-les-Bains to the north, which house a wealthy population . The housing estates were built during the years 1960 and 1970 to house quickly and at low cost a rapidly growing population. Some social mix it originally existed, but the home ownership (open to the middle classes from the 1970s ), their poor construction and poor integration into the urban fabric have contributed to them by deserting those who could and did attract a large population with no options to choose: the proportion of poor immigrants is very high. There are “sensitive neighborhoods” in the districts of northern and eastern Paris note 2 , around the Goutte d’Or and Belleville particular. In the suburbs north of Paris, these areas are mainly concentrated in large parts of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis and to a lesser extent to the east of Val d’Oise . Other, more scattered, are for example in the valley of the Seine , upstream Evry and Evry ( Essonne ), downstream to Mureaux and Mantes-la-Jolie ( Yvelines ) or certain sets of social new towns . Housing  In 1999 , 58.1% of apartments in electronic cigarette Paris did not have one or two pieces 29 , and 55.4% were built prior to 1949 against only 3.8% built since 1990 , in addition to 10.3% Paris declared vacant housing, or 136,554 of the 1,322,540 homes in the city 30 .

District Beaugrenelle in the 15 th arrondissement. Social housing accounts for just over 17% of the housing areas, but this average hides significant disparities in its spatial distribution: the first ten districts of the historic center only account for 6% of social housing in the city, 23% of the total stock. The 13 th , 19 th and 20 th in the 96,000 counted in 1999 , 47% of Parisian social housing concentrated in only three districts. If we add the 12 th , 14 th , 15 th and 18 th arrondissements, we achieved a rate of 81% concentrated in a crescent device from south to north-east of the city 31 . The proportion of social housing accounted for by the SRU in 2006 ranged from 1.2% in the 7 th District (357) to 34.1% in the 19 th arrondissement (28147). Between 2001 and 2006, 23,851 homes were approved in the city, but 88 131 21 266 Paris and Parisians were not seeking social housing in 2006. The tenant turnover is low because of high property prices. This rate is 10% per year in France, 7.5% in the Ile-de-France, but only 5% to central Paris 32 . Many associations are working to find solutions to poor housing and insecurity of people homeless ( Emmaus , Catholic Relief , French Red Cross …). Paris is the ninth most expensive city in the world 33 with respect to the price of real estate: 12 600 euros / m 2 in 2007 (against 36 800 for London, the most expensive) 34 , 35 . Urban sociology

Income households live mainly in the west of the city while the north-east concentrates the poorest people and of immigrant origin. The continuing rise in property prices explains the gradual replacement of low-income groups and middle class with a new easier. There is this process of gentrification in many other large cities like London or New York . In Paris, this has popularized the term ailments (for bourgeois-bohemian , very used but vague term that social scientists rarely refer) before a cause of social change districts until recently considered to be popular, such as the 10 th district or some Common suburbs like Montreuil in Seine-Saint-Denis . Paris is the 12 th largest city in France more than 20 000 inhabitants to the percentage of taxable to the solidarity tax on wealth (ISF), or 34.5 tax households for 1000 inhabitants. 73 362 households reported an average wealth tax of 1,961,667 euros in 2006 . The 16 th arrondissement tops for the number of taxpayers with taxpayers 17 356 36 , 37 . With 27 400 euros of average income per consumption unit in 2001 , households are more affluent Paris in France. The other four departments at the top of the charts are all Ile: Hauts-de-Seine , Yvelines , Essonne and Val de Marne , reflecting the concentration of highly skilled professionals with high incomes in the region Ile de France. But if Paris has an image of a “city of the rich” with a high proportion of social classes than elsewhere, its sociology intramural remains very mixed. According to the index of purchasing power parity ( PPP ), the real incomes of Parisians are well below their nominal incomes: the cost of living, intramural (starting with the housing) is particularly high, and some types of food are more expensive in Paris than in the rest of France. In addition, unlike the median income , average income disparities cache, a few very high incomes that can overshadow the very low incomes much higher. In the case of Paris, the threshold of 10% of the highest income (9 th decile ) is 50 961 euros per year 38 , which partly explains the high average income of the capital and the large gap between the average income and median 38 . Social differences are traditionally marked between the inhabitants of the west of Paris (mostly wealthy) and those in the east. Thus, the average income reported in the 7 th arrondissement, the highest was 31 521 euros per consumption unit in 2001, more than double that of the 19 th district, which was 13 759 euros, the median value close to revenue from the Seine-Saint-Denis of 13 155 euros. The 6 th , 7 th , 8 th and 16 th districts are ranked in ten communes in the Paris region the highest average income, while the 10 th , 18 th , 19 th and 20 th arrondissements are in the poorest municipalities of Ile-de-France 39 . We are finally very high income disparities within all districts: the decile ratio (the threshold of 10% of highest income divided by the 10% threshold of income below) the lowest is 6, 7 in the 12 th district, against 13.0 for the 2 e arrondissement (which has the highest dispersion of income) 38 . More generally, Paris is among the metropolitan departments thresholds below the lowest incomes (81 th rank 38 ), and has a decile ratio of 10.5 38 making it the French department with a concentration of higher social disparities.

Curial city in 19 th  arrondissement. There is also the ghettoization of certain ethnic and social areas, like Barbès – Rochechouart . Indeed, the sociology of certain districts of the east of Paris (such as 19 e ) resembles 100 day loans that of some suburban neighborhoods being merely an extension extramural social mapping of the city: the 16 th district is extended by the affluent suburban communities, while the northeast of the city’s Appendix municipalities in the Seine-Saint-Denis , deemed poor. The 18 th , 19 th and 20 th arrondissements concentrate 40% of the poor in Paris. Some neighborhoods, such as the Goutte d’Or combine all social problems: school failure, unemployment or poor health of residents. Thus, 32.6% of Parisian families of foreign origin outside EU live below the poverty line, this is the case for only 9.7% of the French-born 40 . Some neighborhoods are characterized by community groups: the Marais district has the distinction of attracting a large community gay community near the Jewish Ashkenazi whose implementation around the rue des Rosiers back to the xiii th  century. The 13 th district focus for its largest Asian community of Europe in the neighborhood of the Olympics. It should also be noted that the sociology of a neighborhood may vary by hours. The Place de la Bastille, for example, with its many bars and nightlife is lively at night by many young people, while in the day, it enjoys relative tranquility. Toponymy

Paris is named after the Gallic tribe of Parisii (a Parisius , the Parisii ). The word Paris is actually derived from the Latin Civitas Parisiorum (City of Parisii), a designation that has prevailed over Lutetia ( Lutece ). The name of Parisii is not known with certainty. The Parisii gave their name to Paris, and Villeparisis , Cormeilles-en-Parisis , Fontenay-en-Parisis and the whole region (pagus) of Parisis . In Roman times, there are also Parisii in England, in what is now East Yorkshire . History

Main articles: History of Paris and chronology of Paris . Prehistory and Antiquity

Caldarium of the Baths of Cluny . A permanent housing in Paris is attested for the period Chasséen (between 4000 and 3800 BC.) on the left bank of an ancient branch of the Seine in the 12 th District 41 , 42 . Human presence seems to have been continuous during engagement ring the Neolithic f 2 . The remains of a village of Bercy have been found and dated about 400 BC, including a boat trapped in the sludge swamp then and now visible in the Carnavalet Museum in Paris. Apart from this, a blur characterizes the present knowledge of the site since the occupation prehistoric period to the Gallo-Roman . The only certainty, the Parisii , one of 98 Gallic tribes , are the key places where the troops of Julius Caesar arrived in 52 BC. AD , and rename Lutetia ( Lutece ). They were under the authority of Vercingetorix to fight against the casino Roman invaders, without success. We do not know, however, not precisely the location of the Gallic city: Ile de la Cité (assuming very low, no trace before Augustus was discovered there), Ile Saint-Louis or any other island (extinct or not) now attached to the left bank , even Nanterre which was discovered in 2003 ordered a large urban area suggesting a seat of power, resulting in the presence of a mint example 43 , 44 . This flood zone is not clearly inconsistent with the text of Caesar is the oppidum of Parisii on an “island of the Seine.” The city after its destruction could have been “moved” a few kilometers to the east by the Romans and rebuilt from scratch on the northern slope of Mount St. Genevieve . During the Gallo-Roman Lutetia have probably 5-6000 people at its peak, was a modest city of the Roman world , compared to Lugdunum , capital of the three Gauls (the Lyon which includes area of Lutetia), would have been in the ii th  century, from 50 000 to 80 000 inhabitants 45 . It remained under Roman rule for 452 years, during which it is a base of several emperors including Julien . According to tradition, the city was Christianized by St. Denis , who was martyred around 250 . During the Late Roman Empire , Lutetia is affected by invasions and population folds in the Ile de la Cité , strengthened by the recovery of stones taken large buildings ruined. However from the iv th  century, the existence of suburbs is reflected, and the city takes the name of the people it is the capital, the Parisii 46 . In 451 , St. Genevieve , patron saint of the future city would be able to convince people not to flee from the Huns of Attila , which actually turn away without a fight f 3 . Middle Ages

Map of Paris restored to the year 1223. Around 465 , the Franks entering Gaul and drove the Romans of Lutece. Clovis , in fact the capital of the kingdom of the Franks to 506 – 508 . Clovis and Clotilde occupy the palace of the Thermes and founded on Mount Lucotitius, the Abbey of Saint Peter and Saint Paul , and both are buried in this church who took the name of Sainte Geneviève and the mountains . It remains until the beginning of vii th  century at least. At the vi th  century, the church of Saint-Gervais-St.-Protais is the first place of worship located on the right bank , a sign that the city extends it f 4 . The division of the conquests of Clovis in four kingdoms (from 511 ) and the continual wars of his successors 47 and the reign of the Kings lazy (from 673 ) left Paris, until about 751 , roughly in the same condition . From the reign of Pepin the Short in 751 , and up to 987 , beginning of the reign of Hugh Capet , Paris is almost abandoned. Charlemagne , to create a vast empire , and his successors, to keep it, do not remain as briefly in Paris. It happens so nothing remarkable in this period except the constant incursions of the Normans who valiantly repelled in 885 by Count Eudes of Paris and Gozlin his bishop. Paris has only one chamber built by the Romans around the Ile de la Cité. The Vikings , arriving on their longships in shallow draft, loot the first time in 845 the city abandoned by its inhabitants. Extend their incursions to the beginning of x th  century, no raids ending with the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte concluded in 911 c 1 . The Capetians , who ruled from 987 , prefer Orleans in Paris, one of two major cities in their field staff. Hugh Capet , in spite of his residence in the Ile de la Cité , stayed there but had built a little pregnant to 990 , north of the Seine who was almost the same place where the Emperor Julian had established several military posts in 358. From that moment, the kings of France, who had always remained outside the walls of Paris at the Palais des Thermes, fixed their residence within its walls, the Palais de la Cité . Robert the Pious come here more often. The city became an important center of religious education from the xi th  century f 5 . The royal power gradually attaches in Paris, becomes capital of the kingdom, from Louis VI ( 1,108 – 1137 ) and more under Philippe Auguste ( 1,179 – in 1223 ), that surrounds a fortified wall of 1190 to 1211 and creates the Louvre . This fortification retreated considerably the limits of the city of Paris placing it among the first cities in Europe. The trade adds that Paris takes advantage of its position at the convergence of major trade routes. The wheat from the Rue St. Honore , the sheets on the north by the Rue Saint-Denis and fish from the North Sea and English Channel by the Rue des Poissonniers. The importance of its market, in conjunction with the Fair Lendit in Saint-Denis , requires space and his establishment in a more clear that the Ile de la Cité: Louis VI to install the 1137 in the locality “The Champeaux” ( small fields ), the Halles of Paris remain there for over eight centuries.

Collection of orders of the provost of the merchants of Paris, 1416, by Charles VI. In 1163 , Bishop Maurice de Sully began building the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris on the Ile de la Cité . The importance of the city increases, both political and financial merchant. The central bodies of government are headquartered, the king wants more control over Paris and do not benefit from a communal charter . However, he conceded the privileges of “bourgeois king” and favors the “  Hanse  “(or”  guild  “) of the water merchants. In 1258 , St. Louis removes the provost of the hands of merchants and confided to a close, Etienne Boileau . In 1263 , the Hanse merchants municipality elects first consists of a provost of the merchants and four aldermen . Thus began a system of dual authority between the city and the royal power f 6 . By 1328 , the population of Paris is estimated at 200,000 inhabitants, making it the most populous city of Europe 48 , f 7 . But in 1348 , the Black Death decimated the population. At the xiv th  century, the walls of Charles V ( one thousand three hundred seventy-one – 1.38 thousand ) includes all current 3 e and 4 th districts and extends from the Pont Royal to the Porte Saint-Denis .

The Hotel de Sens , one of the medieval houses of Paris, built between 1475 and 1519 . During the Hundred Years War , popular discontent has the ambition of the provost Étienne Marcel , causing the large order of 1357 and the first great riot policy in the history of Paris , new rupture between the king and the city f 8 . Kings do stay longer at the center of the city, preferring first to the Hotel Saint-Pol (destroyed by order of Charles VI following the burning of Bal ) and the Hotel des Tournelles , which can more easily s’ escape in case of complaints. In 1407 (following the assassination of Louis of Orleans ) broke a civil war between Armagnacs and Burgundians which lasted until 1420 f 9 and the city switches to the Burgundian camp in September 1411 . Paris out of the ruined Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc in 1429, failed in his attempt to release the English and their Burgundian allies. Charles VII and his son Louis XI stay there and distrust that ‘exception, preferring the Loire Valley . Its population increases between 1422 and 1500 , up from 100,000 to 150,000 souls. A modest economic growth resumes in the middle of the xv th  century, but the city lacks the Court. Paris is transformed into a city administrative and judicial f 10 . From the Renaissance to the xviii th  century  The Renaissance , marked by the king and his court residing in the Loire Valley, has not so much in Paris. Despite its remoteness, the monarchy is concerned about the sprawl of the city. An initial planning regulations enacted in 1500 about the new Pont Notre-Dame , surrounded by uniform houses of brick and stone style of Louis XII c 2 . In 1528 , François I er officially fixed his residence in Paris. The intellectual influence is growing: the teaching of the university (theology and liberal arts) adds a modern education-oriented and humanistic sciences wanted by the king, at the College de France . Under his reign, Paris reached 280,000 inhabitants and is the largest city in the Christian world s 10 .

Plan of Paris in 1787 by Brion de la Tour. On 24 August 1572 , under Charles IX , has organized the massacre of St. Bartholomew . There are between two thousand and ten thousand victims f 11 . The Catholic League , especially powerful in the capital, stands against Henry III during the day of the barricades in 1588 . The latter fled before besieging the city f 12 . After his assassination, the seat is held by Henry of Navarre became Henry IV . The city, however, ruined and starving him opened in 1594 after his conversion (during the famous but apocryphal “  Paris is worth a mass.  ” ). The Day of the Barricades (1648) marks the beginning of the Fronde , which causes a major economic crisis and a new distrust of the king vis-à-vis the capital f 13 . Despite a higher mortality for births, the population reached 400,000 people through the provincial immigration. Paris is a city spa covers where there is a miserable high insecurity, the legendary court of miracles is gradually emptied from 1656 by Lieutenant-general of police Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie 49 . Louis XIV chose Versailles as his residence in 1677 , prior to moving the seat of government in 1682 . Colbert took over management in Paris and commutes between Paris and Versailles. During his reign, the Sun King comes only twenty-four times in Paris, mainly for official ceremonies, marking the city to a hostility that Parisians do not like f 14 . In the xviii th  century, Versailles does not deprive Paris of his intellectual influence on the contrary even, it makes a powerful rebellious open to the ideas of the Enlightenment . This is the period of literary salons , such as Madame Geoffrin . The xviii th  century is that of a strong economic expansion that allows significant population growth, the city reached 640 000 50 inhabitants on the eve of the French Revolution . In 1715 , the regent Philippe d’Orleans leaves Versailles for the Palais-Royal . The young Louis XV is installed in the Tuileries Palace for a return, ephemeral, of royalty in Paris. From 1722 , Louis XV returns to Versailles breaking the fragile reconciliation with the people of Paris f 15 . The city then extends about the first six current districts, the Luxembourg Gardens marking the western border of the city. Louis XV personal interest in the city in 1749 when deciding the layout of the place Louis XV (now Place de la Concorde ), the creation of the Military Academy in 1752 51 , ??and especially the construction of a church dedicated to St. Genevieve in 1754 , better known under the current name of Pantheon 52 . The French Revolution and the Empire

The Bastille Day July 14, 1789. The French Revolution begins at Versailles by the convocation of the Estates General and the Oath of the Tennis Court . But the Parisians hit by the economic crisis (the price of bread), aware of political issues by the Enlightenment and motivated by a grudge against the royal power had abandoned the city for over a century, give a new direction f 16 . The storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 , linked to the uprising of the cabinet of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine , is a first step. On July 15, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly receives at the Town Hall the burden of first mayor of Paris. On October 5, riots, triggered by the market women of Paris, Versailles reached in the evening. The six in the morning, the castle is invaded and the king must agree to reside in Paris at the Tuileries and to convene the constituent assembly that is installed on October 19 in the Manege of the Tuileries c 3 . On July 14, 1790 is held the Festival of the Federation on the Champ de Mars , which will be held July 17 in 1791 witnessed a dramatic shootout . Occupied from May 1790 after the sale of national assets , the Franciscan monastery and the convent of the Jacobins , the high places of revolutionary Paris, mark the whole power of the Parisian clubs on the course of the Revolution c 4 . On the night of 9 August 1792 , a common revolutionary takes possession of the town hcg diet plan hall. The 10th of August saw the crowd besieging the Tuileries Palace with the support of the new municipal government. King Louis XVI and the royal family were imprisoned in the tower of the Temple . The French monarchy was in fact abolished. After the elections of 1792, representatives of the Paris Commune , very radical, opposed to the National Convention to the group of Girondins (representing the more moderate view of the bourgeoisie of the provinces) will be removed in 1793 c 5 .

The Hotel de Ville, the 9 Thermidor Year II . The Parisians live then two years of rationing. The Terror reigns under the control of public salvation committee . The police of Paris , under the authority of the council, working to imprison all that the city has yet noble, wealthy bourgeois , priests and intellectuals in general. That’s why the mayor is in Paris, still the only one of France to be deprived of all power to police 53 , 54 . January 21, 1793 , Louis XVI was guillotined in the Place Louis XV , was renamed “Place de la Revolution.” It is followed on the scaffold in just weeks by 1119 people, including Marie-Antoinette , Danton , Lavoisier and finally Robespierre and his followers after 9 Thermidor Year II (July 27, 1794 ) c 6 . The Revolution is not a period conducive to the development of the city (some monuments were built) that has more than 548 000 inhabitants in 1800 . Many monasteries and churches were demolished and give way to subdivisions built piecemeal, resulting in a reduction in green areas of the city and a densification of the center. Under the Management Board , of tenements , of neo-classical style, are high. In 1806 , Paris offset the losses suffered during the Revolution and has 650 000 inhabitants 50  and this increase was mainly due to the provincial immigration, birth rates remain low. Since the middle of the xviii th  century, the city lags behind London burgeoning economic and population reaching 1,096,784 inhabitants c 7 . On December 2, 1804 , Napoleon Bonaparte , who took power in 1799 , was crowned Emperor by Pope Pius VII in Notre Dame Cathedral . He decided to establish in Paris the capital of his empire . In 1814, the Battle of Paris leads the capitulation of the capital and led to the first abdication of Napoleon and the Restoration . Restoration to the Paris Commune  The fall of the Empire in 1 814 – in 1815 at Paris brought British and Cossack armies, ranging up camp on the Champs-Elysees . Louis XVIII , returning from exile, returned to Paris, and it is crowned moved to the Tuileries. Louis XVIII and Charles X and the July Monarchy little attention to urban planning in Paris. The proletariat worker, fast-growing, crammed miserably in the inner city which, with over 100 000 inhabitants per square kilometer, is major outbreaks of epidemic  , the cholera in 1832 is 32 000 victims. In 1848 , 80% of the dead go to the grave and two-thirds of Parisians are too poor to pay taxes. The mass of impoverished people from the small, helpless and exasperated, is ripe for repeated revolts that does not feel able to germinate and is sure to conquer the barricades are down Charles X during three glorious and Louis-Philippe in 1848. Society of the time was widely described by Balzac , Victor Hugo and Eugene Sue . During this period, the city is accelerating its growth rate to reach the wall of the Farmers-General . Between 1840 and 1844 , the last speaker of Paris, said Thiers cabinet is built on the current location of the ring . At the heart of the city, the street Rambuteau is pierced c 8 . With the advent of the Second Empire , Paris is transformed radically. In medieval structure, with old buildings and unhealthy, almost devoid of major roads, it becomes less than twenty years a modern city. Napoleon III had specific ideas about urban planning and housing. The Paris of today is primarily that of Napoleon III and of Haussmann .

The Avenue de l’Opéra seen by Pissarro from the current Hotel du Louvre Articles: Transformations of Paris under the Second Empire and annexations of 1860 . The 1 st  January 1860 , a Paris law allows several neighboring municipalities to annex 55 . The French capital rises from twelve to twenty districts and 3 438-7 802 hectares note 3 . After the annexation, the administrative boundaries of the city are only slightly modified and urban growth, which continues to the end of the xix th  century xx th  century, no longer accompanied by an expansion of municipal boundaries, the which is the source of the “  suburban  ” c 9 . During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 , Paris was besieged for several months but is not taken by the Prussian armies. On this occasion, was invented the air mail , thanks to manned balloons . Refusing the armistice signed on 26 January 1871 and following the February elections that carry the power of the royalists who want to end the war, Parisians rebelled on 18 March 1871 . This is the start of the Paris Commune . The Monarchist Assembly temporarily installed at Versailles , the repressed between 22 and 28 May during the Bloody Week , which remains to date the last civil war has known Paris 10 c , f 17 . Main articles: Siege of Paris (1870) , Chronology of the siege of Paris (1870) and the Paris Commune (1871) . Of the Belle Époque to World War II  Main article: Paris under German occupation .

La Tour Eiffel for the Universal Exhibition of 1889. During the Belle Époque , the economic expansion is important in Paris, in 1913 the city has one hundred thousand companies employing a million workers 56 . Between 1900 and 1913, 175 movies are created in Paris, many department stores are emerging and contribute to the influence of the City of Light . Two expositions leave a large footprint in the city. The Eiffel Tower was built for the exhibition of 1889 (the centenary of the French Revolution ) which hosts 28 million visitors. The first line of the Metropolitan , the Grand Palais , the Petit Palais and the Pont Alexandre III were inaugurated on the occasion of that of 1900 which receives 53 million visitors 56 . The industry is gradually moving in the inner suburbs where the space: Renault in Boulogne-Billancourt or Citroen in Suresnes . This migration is the source of the “  suburban red  . ” However some activities remain heavily implanted in the inner city, particularly the press and printing f 18 . From Belle Epoque to the Roaring Twenties , Paris knows the height of its cultural influence (particularly around areas of Montparnasse and Montmartre ) and is home to many artists including Picasso , Matisse , Braque and Fernand Léger . In 1910 , a hundred-year flood of the Seine causes one of the worst flooding the city has known and cause three billion francs of damage c 11 . During the First World War , Paris, untouched by the fighting, suffered bombardment 57 and German cannon fire . These bombings are sporadic and are only psychological operations for c 12 . The inter-war takes place against a backdrop of social and economic crisis. The government, in response to the housing crisis , the vote Loucheur law that creates low-cost housing (or HBM) erected at the site of the old walls of Thiers . Other buildings in Paris are, in essence, dilapidated homes are tuberculosis  , urban density peaked in 1921 , central Paris with 2,906,000 inhabitants s 11 . Meanwhile, subdivisions are developing all around the city, in “  suburban  “where expansion is out of control, often in open fields with no real facilities or public facilities c 13 . The Parisians try to resume their political prominence in the context of multiple financial scandals and political corruption f 19 . On February 6, 1934 , the manifestation of Patriotic League against the parliamentary left is degenerating into riots and seventeen killed and 1500 wounded, and 14 July 1935 , a major fashion show for the Popular Front has five hundred thousand demonstrators c 14 .

Parade Panzers in Paris in 1941 (The tanks are Somua S-35 and Hotchkiss H35 French). During World War II , Paris, declared an open city from the debacle , is occupied by the Wehrmacht 14 June 1940 . It is relatively spared note 4 . The government of Marshal Petain in Vichy, Paris continues to be the capital and seat of the German military command in France ( Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich ) c 15 life insurance quote . On December 23, 1940, the engineer Jacques Bonsergent is the first grants strong shot in Paris. 16 and 17 July 1942 , he conducted the roundup of the Vel ‘d’Hiv’ , arrest of 12,884 Jews , the most massive in France, mostly women and children c 16 . At the approach of the allied troops , the internal resistance triggers an armed uprising on 19 August 1944 . The Liberation of Paris is on August 25th with the arrival in Paris of two e Armored Division of General Leclerc , commander Captain Raymond Dronne to break enemy lines with his ninth company ( Regiment march of Chad ). General von Choltitz surrendered without executing the orders of Hitler demanding its destruction 58 , 59 . The city is relatively untouched by the fighting c 17 . Paris is one of the few municipalities in France to be awarded the title of Companion of the Liberation 60 . The contemporary Paris  In 1956 , Paris is bound to Rome by a twinning privileged powerful symbol in a dynamic geographically broader 61 reconciliation and cooperation after World War II s 12 , s 13 . Under the orders of General de Gaulle from 1958 to 1969 , several political events taking place in the capital. On 17 October 1961 , a demonstration in favor of the independence of Algeria was violently repressed. Estimated that between 32 and 325 people are massacred by the police , then headed by Maurice Papon 62 . As of 22 March 1968 , an important student movement started at the University of Nanterre . It leads in the Latin Quarter of demonstrations degenerated into riots. The challenge, taking the body in the context of international solidarity and emulation (American feminist and black, “  Provos  ” Dutch, Prague Spring , attack against the German Rudi Dutschke , etc..) between bullied and young idealists, lulled by Bob Dylan and his hit The Times They Are a-Changin ‘ , wanting to “change the world,” is developing very fast in national political and social crisis . May 13, huge parades together 800,000 people from protesting against police violence. May 30, a show of support to the government and De Gaulle met a million people, the Place de l’Etoile to the Concorde. After two months of disorder and unrest, the Parisians are voting overwhelmingly in favor of General de Gaulle during the parliamentary elections of 22 and 29 June and calm returns c 18 . The successor of General de Gaulle, Georges Pompidou keen interest in the capital. He leaves his name to the building that houses the National Museum of Modern Art and the public library information and the expressway right bank. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing , President, in turn, does not share his vision of modernization radical: it challenges the project planned for the Halles and interrupts the part of left bank expressway. In 1976 , the State for the first time since 1871 an autonomous municipality in the capital. The Gaullist Jacques Chirac is elected mayor. He was reelected in 1983 and 1989 . Under the first term of President François Mitterrand , a reform adopted by the law of decentralization of 31 December 1982  : it gives each district of the capital of a mayor and a council own and not appointed by the mayor of Paris c 19 . In 1991 , the banks of the Seine , the Pont de Sully (upstream) to the bridge of Jena (downstream), are classified on the World Heritage List of UNESCO under all outstanding river-city with its monuments many of which are architectural masterpieces with global reach 63 . Elected president in May 1995 , Jacques Chirac is replaced by Jean Tiberi , whose sole mandate is particularly marked by the discovery of several political and financial affairs and the municipal division of the majority. In 2001 , the Socialist Bertrand Delanoë was elected mayor. It differs from its predecessors by its willingness to reduce the role of the automobile in the city including the benefit of pedestrians and public transport . He developed the bustling Parisian life by major cultural events such as Nuit Blanche , or simply play as Paris Beaches . March 16, 2008 , Bertrand Delanoë was re-elected mayor of Paris against Françoise de Panafieu (UMP). Policy and Administration

Administrative  Main articles: City of Paris , the Paris Districts , List of Members of Paris and Paris List of advisers .

Map of districts of Paris . Since the law of 10 July 1964 on the reorganization of the Paris region , which came fully into force on 1 st January 1968, Paris is both a department and a municipality . Before and since 1790, Paris was the capital of the department of Seine . The department of Paris has no other subdivision that the only municipality which composes. The municipality is divided into 20 municipal districts created during its territorial expansion from 1860, replacing the 12 counties that previously existed since October 11, 1795, and in 21 electoral districts . Status

The city hall of Paris at night Main articles: Act PLM , Prefect of Paris , Prefecture of Police and Mayors of the districts of Paris . The status of the city has changed several times. From March 26 to May 22, 1871, Paris was the seat of power insurgency, the Paris Commune , with a democratically elected assembly. The Third Republic was led early by conservatives frightened by this episode. These édictèrent the law of 5 April 1884 which gave the executive the prefect of the Seine and the police powers to Chief of Police . The Council of Paris , elected in municipal elections, meant an annual President whose function was mainly representative. Paris was not then as mayor. The city budget must be approved by the state. The law of December 31, 1975 (entered into force during the municipal elections of 1977 ) establishes a Council of Paris , both City Council and General Council , with 109 members who elect the mayor of Paris. Committees of districts, whose members are selected equally between voters, the mayor of Paris and the Council of Paris, have an advisory role and animation. The prefect of police, appointed by the State retains the powers of police . Finally, the PLM law of December 31, 1982, in force in Paris during the municipal elections of 1983 and bringing to 163 the number of advisers in Paris, extends the powers of the council of Paris, especially in budgetary matters, and creates the boards rounding. Since the decree 2002-810 of 2 May 2002, the powers of administrative police are shared between the Mayor of Paris and the Prefect of Police who lend each other’s means of action to this effect. He may serve on the board of Paris and must annually submit its budget and account s 14 (although the budget is decided by the state). The mayor is now involved in security policy even if the government in this area remain in the hands of the prefect of police. The action of the council of Paris is also exerted through companies he owns a stake, the semi-public companies in Paris . The absence of an inter-municipal  Main San Diego Homes For Rent article: Paris Métropole . Unlike other French cities, there is no intercommunal with their own tax between Paris and its suburbs Note 5 . It is indeed clear that the territory of the City of Paris covers only the center of the city, unlike other major international cities. The absence of an administrative organization managing the “Greater Paris”, stumbling on historical and political, is currently a major problem in the Paris area s 15 . The current municipal boundaries resulting from historical, anachronistic (or corresponding to a topography disappeared since merged into the city). But people have common needs of administrative and economic and social concerns. However, each municipality is administratively and fiscally independent, the organization of collective needs (transport, housing, etc.). Far beyond the framework of municipal or county has made ??no organizing authority at the level of agglomeration, Region Ile de France far beyond this framework (nearly 80% of the regional space is rural). Local taxation is also highly concentrated in certain common-rich companies and / or affluent populations (typical case of Neuilly-sur-Seine , for example that benefits from tax revenues of a population among the wealthiest in France and many companies, while having only 2.8% of social housing) 64 , while the charges arising from the influx of people over an area of modest conditions are supported by municipalities that do not always able to find in their administrative limits the resources to compensate ( Clichy-sous-Bois is thus one of the poorest cities in France  : it combines a disadvantaged population and very limited fiscal resources, living mostly state grants 65 ). This difficulty is the cause of the Conference of the Greater Paris area which met at the initiative of the City of Paris for the first time as mayor of Vanves 7 July 2006 16 s after Assistant Pierre Mansat has resumed dialogue with the municipalities of Paris along the river. The president Nicolas Sarkozy has also seized of the issue in his speech of 26 June 2007 66 , criticizing the draft SDRIF , saying rethink “the organization of power” and create an urban community, imposing that vision a takeover by the state 67 , 68 , which did not fail to provoke many reactions among elected officials of the city 69 . Of 18 March 2008 70 -July 4 2010 71 , Christian White has served as Secretary of State for the development of the Capital Region, whose work led to the creation of the Society of Greater Paris 72 , chaired by André Santini 73 . List of mayors  Main article: List of mayors of Paris .

Bertrand Delanoë , Mayor of Paris, in 2004 List of successive mayors since 1977 Period Identity Label Quality March 20, 1977 May 16, 1995 Jacques Chirac RPR Deputy May 22, 1995 March 24, 2001 Jean Tiberi RPR Deputy March 25, 2001 in progress Bertrand Delanoë PS Former Senator Budget and Taxation  The initial budget in 2009 (city and county) was $ 7.301 billion of euros of which 5.701 billion euros spent on operating and investment about 1.6 s 17 . The loans guaranteed by the department of Paris in 2008 amounted to 26.6 billion euros s 18 . After a stability between 2000 and 2008 74 , tax rates were increased in 2009 and are brought to 9.59% for the housing tax , 7.75% for the tax on developed property, 14.72% for the tax on undeveloped land and 13.46% for the business tax 17 s , 75 . The tax revenue represents 55% of the city s 17 . Paris is one of fifteen French cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) did not increase its property tax rate in five years 76 . This stability applies only to tax rates. The housing bubble that developed throughout the first term of office of Mr Delanoë has a very important increase in tax revenue sitting on real estate. The number of transactions at the same time their value has increased significantly. This bubble tax has increased the size of the City of Paris from 40 to 49 000 agents. The explosion of the housing bubble temporarily leaves the town hall with a surplus to fund other ongoing expenses. That is why Mr. Delanoë announced in 2008 the creation of a new departmental tax of 3% on the land (paid only by the owners) and a very important increase in rates of land tax 77 . After six years without any increase in local tax rates (2001 to 2008 inclusive) passed by the elected representatives in Paris and two years of increases (2009 and 2010), the municipality has committed not to increase the rate of four local taxes . According to the magazine Capital in June 2010, Paris remains the city with the lowest amounts of local taxes. The debt ratio of the City of Paris (city and county) is 39% of its resources, well below the national average for large cities (89%). The city has, for 2010 and 2011, the maximum score agency credit ratings , the “AAA”, which can borrow at better rates to invest and build. In a book titled accounts and legends of Paris, Delanoë Management Review (2011), the journalist Dominique Foing analysis, based on reports of the General Inspectorate of the city of Paris and the regional audit of Island -de-France, management years 2001-2011 in the city of Paris municipal expenditures have increased by 44.45% (“the tax revenue collected from taxpayers in Paris rose from 1.7 billion euros in budget 2001 to 2,500,000,000 euros in the 2008 budget or 47% increase “), meaning higher taxes for households in Paris by 70% between 2001 and 2011 operating expenses would have increased by 2 billion euro, debt, relatively low in 2011, increasing to one billion euros 78 , 79 . Judicial and administrative bodies  The High Court of Paris is located in the Palais de Justice on the Ile de la Cité . This is the jurisdiction that deals with more business in France 80 . In each district is a district court . The Commercial Court of Paris is located on the other hand dock of Corsica, also on the Ile de la Cité. The police court of Paris is located rue de Cambrai , in the 19 th district, and the Labour Tribunal de Paris rue Louis Blanc , in the 10 th arrondissement. In addition to the courts of the city, the courts of several departments within the Court of Appeal of Paris  : the Seine-et-Marne , the Essonne , the Seine-Saint-Denis , the Val de Marne and the Yonne . The jurisdiction of this court for 12.6% of the French population is 7,605,603 people in 2004 81 . The other departments of the Île-de-France and the Eure-et-Loir depend them, the Court of Appeal Versailles 82 . In the administrative , Paris is the responsibility of the Administrative Court of Paris. The appeals are brought before the Administrative Court of Appeal of Paris, which also knows the calls of administrative tribunals Mata-Utu , Melun , of New Caledonia and French Polynesia . In Paris also sit on the national supreme courts: the Constitutional Council , Supreme Court and State Council . Region Ile-de-France alone has over a quarter of crimes committed in France. Within the region, the outer suburbs, the inner suburbs and central Paris each account for about one third of the total facts. The type of crime is largely dominated by Paris flights, which account for two thirds of the crimes. In 2006, 255 238 events were recorded be a crime rate of 118.58 per 1 000 acts (crimes), which is almost double the national average ( 61.03 ‰ ), but is in the average of the major cities in France ( Lyon  : 109.22, Lille  : 118.93, Nice  : 119.52, Marseille  : 120.62). The proportion of women defendants is less than 15% (slightly below the national average) and the share of children is 11.02%, or seven points less than the French average of 18.33%. Conversely, the share of foreigners (residents in France who hold a residence permit ) is greater than the French average of 20.73% 83 , 84 . Parisian centralism also explained that the city is sometimes the victim of attacks . As well as Napoleon I er , or, closer to us, during the attack on Saint-Michel RER , Parisian history is punctuated by events of high symbolic value. This has consequences on daily life in the city, particularly with the implementation of the plan Vigipirate 85 seeing an increased presence of police, gendarmes and soldiers near the tourist spots and policy of the capital 86 . In Paris, some prisons have remained famous: the Grand Chatelet (on the right bank) was home to the prison of the king, and its annex, the Petit Châtelet (at the mouth of Little Bridge on the left bank), instead of incarceration from the xiv th  century, was demolished in 1782 . Three prisons have become historic symbols: the Conciergerie , the Bastille and Vincennes . The Courthouse had its own prison, the Conciergerie, which after hosting among others the Girondins and Marie-Antoinette during the French Revolution , continued to serve Unlock iPhone as a temporary prison until 1914 . The Bastille was built from 1370 and became only state prison in Richelieu , was contrary to the general idea of a prison “luxury” for a number of prisoners never exceeding forty. The Vincennes, also state prison until 1784 , but that real house arrest instead of incarceration, continued to serve prison time to time until the Second Empire. There remains only one prison in Paris, Prison Health , which opened in 1867 . The main prisons Paris region are now at Fresnes and Fleury-Merogis , which must be added the central house of Poissy f 20 . Hygiene is managed by the municipal share of health and hygiene of the city of Paris. Twinning  Main article: Twinning and partnerships . Paris is paired with only one city, Rome , since 1956 , with the slogan “Only Paris is worthy of Rome, only Rome is worthy of Paris” (in Italian “Solo Degn Parigi è di Roma, Roma è solo Degn di Parigi” ) . The city has also signed agreements of friendship and cooperation with many cities in the world. Population and Society

Demographics

Growth of the population of Paris since the first census in 1801. Main articles: Demographics of Paris and Paris area . According to INSEE , the population of the city of Paris was 2,211,297 inhabitants 1 to 1 st  January  2008 ( the fifth city of the European Union ) for an area of 10,540 hectares with a density of 20,980 inhabitants / km 2 , one of the strongest in Europe. 1 st January 2008, the metropolitan area defined by the INSEE includes 412 municipalities and total population 10,354,675 87 , 88 . Its urban area, including municipalities in a zone of strong influence of the city, reached 12,089,098 inhabitants 1 st January 2008 89 in the demarcation of 2010, making it the 20 th urban area of the world or about 3 e in Europe. The city’s population is relatively young: in 2008, according to INSEE, the percentage of population aged under 35 is 46% 90 , 4 points higher than the national average is 41.8 % 91 . Immigration

The XVIII th arrondissement is home to many immigrants from North Africa and more recently of sub-Saharan Africa . The French census, as required by law, ask no questions about ethnicity or religion but collect information about the homeland. It is thus possible to determine that the metropolitan area of Paris is one of the most multicultural in Europe: the census of 1999 , 19.4% of its total population was born outside of metropolitan France 92 . According to that census, 4.2% of the population of the metropolitan area of Paris were recent immigrants (arrived in France between the censuses of 1990 and 1999 ), the majority of China and Africa 93 . In addition, the metropolitan area of Paris also has 15% Muslim 94 , 95 . The first massive wave of immigration to Paris began around 1820 with the arrival of farmers free ipad Germans fleeing the agricultural crisis and “open” to France since the presence of the Rhine Revolutionary and Napoleonic armies. Several other waves of migration were then followed continuously until today: Italians and Jews in Central Europe during the xix th  century, Russians after the revolution of 1917 , inhabitants of the colonies during the First World War , Poland between the World Wars , Spaniards , Italians , Portuguese and North Africans in the 1950s to the 1970s , Jewish Sephardic after the independence of the countries of North Africa , Africans and Asians since then 96 . The location of immigrants in the city depends on the sense of community: the 18 th and 19 th arrondissements concentrate a large share of immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the area of Chateau Rouge , while Belleville gathers large North African and Chinese communities. In the 13 th arrondissement is the Asian district of Paris , the largest “  Chinatown  “of Europe 97 . The sixteenth arrondissement is one of the areas that have the highest concentration of migrants from the United States [ref. needed] . In 2005 , 41.3% of those under 18 had at least one immigrant parent of origin of which 12.1% North African and 9.9% of sub-Saharan Africa 98 . Population decline and recent recovery of Paris  Paris Demography is not autonomous: it is totally related to that of its suburbs. This derives from the small administrative de Paris, which involves the sharing of space is not wide of the city but the region 99 . Despite the increase in the number of dwellings, the population of Paris Plastic Storage Bins has declined significantly over the years 1950-1960, but this decline seems to be over 100 since 1999  : the latest census figures published by INSEE showed an increase of 86 000 inhabitants between 1999 and 2008, the population of Paris now stands at 2,211,297 people 101 . The main reason is the relative change between the natural increase (difference between births and deaths) and net migration (difference between the apparent number of arrivals and departures). The natural increase was positive but relatively low between 1968 and 1990, while far outweighed departures arrivals, with a net migration negative. The difference between these two balances resulted in a total negative balance, a decrease of the population. Since 1999, the natural balance has increased, reflecting an increase in the number of births (the birth rate is now above the national average, with 14.6 ‰ between 1999 and 2008), and fewer deaths. Conversely, the net outflow decreased (- 0.3% per year from 1999 to 2008, against – 0.7% per year between 1990 and 1999 – 0.6% per year from 1982 to 1999 – 1.1% per year from 1975 to 1982 and – 2.1% per year from 1968 to 1975). In total, affiliate marketing the population of Paris begins to increase and thus rejuvenates 102 . Second, the capital had decreased the number of primary residences of the early 1960s to 1990. But since 1990 the trend has reversed, with faster growth in their numbers since 1990: 1,148,145 principal residences in 2008 against 1,110,912 in 1999 and 1,095,090 in 1990 103 . This movement is part of a general trend of increase in urban population centers of metropolitan areas in France and Europe. Finally, the average household size has declined significantly in Paris: the decline of the cohabitation of adult generations and reducing the number of children per couple has long been the main explanation. However, fertility is now constant or even increased slightly since 2000, the decrease in auctions online household size is due in Paris today mainly by the attraction of young adults without children, can enjoy recreation and jobs the capital and meet the cost of real estate by simply small areas. Conversely, couples making more children tend to migrate to the suburbs whose homes are more suitable and cheaper 99 , 104 . This dynamic explains the Paris-suburb respective specializations of the capital (58% of homes have one or two rooms 29 ) and the rest of the region. Families and households in Paris  Paris together, like all cities, more students, young working adults and the elderly than the average of the country, families are therefore underrepresented. In 2008 , the municipality had 501,836 families comprising 1,433,376 people (68% of the population of Paris) to 1,148,720 households. 51.4% of households consisted of one person: the 590,122 people living alone accounted for about 28% of all Parisians 105 . That leaves 4% of Parisians who do not live alone or with family. 43% of Parisian families consist of a couple without children under 25 years representing 433,000 people, 39.3% of families are couples with at least suspension lift kits one child and 17.6% of families with at least one children are single parents (against 13.5% in France) 106 . In 2008, 70.2% of couples in Paris (or 27.5% of the total population of Paris) are composed of two married people, against 76.9% of couples in metropolitan France, 21.5% of couples were formed in Paris two singles 107 . These family structures are partly explained by the large number of divorces, Paris is the leading French departments for the number of newly divorced in 1000 married people (20.5 in 2006-2008 according to a study of the INED ) 108 . It is also in Paris that are signed over the PACS in France. In contrast, the total fertility rate of 1.57 children per woman in 2008, is below the regional average (2.01) and national (2.0) 109 . The number of children per household is low: 43% of families have no children under 25 years and nearly 25% have only one child from families (8.9% of families three or more children) is less than the regional average (11.8%) and national (9.6%), mainly due to the small area of housing and high prices of real estate. Education  Educational institutions of the city of Paris within the academy of Paris . Schools

The Jules Ferry High School in the 9th arrondissement . During the school year 2005 – in 2006 , 263,812 students were enrolled in the public sector, including 135,570 in the first degree and 128 242 in the second degree, and 138 527 in the private sector, including 91 818 under contract. Paris has operations in priority education zones (ZEP) or network priority education (REP): 214 schools and 32 colleges (Paris is a child of five) of these rankings are s 19 . In 2007 , the city totaled 881 with 323 public kindergartens, 334 elementary schools, 6 special schools (schools in the hospital), 110 colleges, 72 secondary schools and general technology, 34 vocational high schools and 2 colleges experimental public. Added 256 private schools under contract: 110 nursery and primary schools, special schools, 67 colleges, 73 colleges and 5 general and technical vocational schools under private contract. In secondary education, colleges Louis-le-Grand and Henri IV are national or even international. University life  Related article: Higher education in Ile-de-France . Higher education comprised in 2007 about 585 000 students in Ile-de-France , more than a quarter of all French 110 . There is some willingness to decentralization has led notably in the 1990s to the transfer of the ENA in Strasbourg and to teacher training colleges in Lyon . However, most of the most prestigious national institutions are still in Paris. History  From the xii th  century, Paris was one of the great intellectual centers of Europe , especially in theology and philosophy. It retains a symbolic 1200 as the date of founding of the University of Paris , when Philip Augustus granted special status to the corporation (teachers and students) by freeing of justice and public policy, then making them fall within the justice Ecclesiastical. Colleges, residences of teachers and students which also takes place mainly in education, are organized into faculties. The creation of the Sorbonne was in 1257 . The university lives mainly around the Montagne Sainte-Genevieve , in the Latin Quarter , which is spread over a large part of the 5 th and 6 th arrondissements. The area is still a university of great importance. From the xviii th  century, special schools are created for certain professions. They are the source of great schools today. The Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole Normale were based during the Revolution. The University of Paris is made ??in modern xix th  century of six faculties: law , medicine , pharmacy , literature , theology and science . In the xx e cigarette th  century, the number of students is growing strongly. After the student revolt of May 1968 which is the epicenter of the Sorbonne, the University of Paris was reorganized into thirteen independent institutions (Paris I in Paris XIII ), each specializing in a relatively circumscribed. Current status

The chapel of the Sorbonne , a symbol of the University of Paris Paris itself is the major French academic center. The Universities of Paris I- VII are grouped on the left bank of three districts (5 th , 6 th and 13 th ). The Latin quarter retains an important place, with the oldest settlements: the Paris-Sorbonne University , the Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS) and the College de France . Other higher education institutions are also located in this neighborhood ( Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris [Sciences Po], University of Paris II [Assas], Jussieu Campus , Graduate School of Social Sciences [EHESS] etc.).. The Paris-Dauphine University is, however eccentric. In addition, it manifests a willingness to expand the university district to the east of the city, in the 13 th District which is located the National Library of France and several university buildings opened as the University of Paris VII – Diderot , formerly established in the 5 th arrondissement. The city hosts more than the National School of Arts and Crafts near the place of Italy since 1912. Universities were created in the suburbs since the 1960′s , the oldest being that of Nanterre in 1964 . At the same time, several large schools have also left the center of Paris, including availability of larger premises. The Saclay , south of Paris, became an important center. It includes over a wide area, a university ( Paris XI ), university ( HEC in 1964, Supélec in 1975, Polytechnique in 1976), and public and private laboratories. In 1991, four other universities are based in the suburbs: Cergy-Pontoise , Evry , Marne-la-Vallée and Versailles – Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines . Sign of a decentralist voluntarism, “Paris” does not appear in their name as opposed to other universities in nearby suburbs. The city of Paris itself maintains seven institutions of higher education s 20 . Four are dedicated to applied arts including the prestigious École Boulle (furniture) and Ecole Estienne (graphic arts, including bookbinding), two engineering schools ( School of Engineers of the city of Paris and Graduate School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry ) and the Ecole du Breuil is a horticultural nature. Cultural events and festivities

Republican Guards during the military parade of July 14 The festive character of the city since 2002 is marked by the operations of Paris Beaches , held between July and August, which is to transform some of the banks of Seine in beach chairs and activities, or White Night , which allows the public to attend free of charge to various expressions of contemporary art throughout the city during the first night of Saturday to the first Sunday in October. Paris hosts throughout the year many festivities in late January, the streets of the 13 th district come alive with the celebration of Chinese New Year  , the traditional procession of Carnival de Paris parades in February, takes place in late February the international exhibition of agriculture  , to be held on March sees the book fair  ; late April or early May the Paris Fair recalls the medieval gatherings, the Paris Marathon held in April in the streets of the city, the Gay Pride in June and the Techno Parade in September. The July 14 is the occasion of the traditional military parade on the Champs Elysees . October is the month’s Paris Motor Show in even years alternating with the world on two wheels in odd years. In the same month hosts the International Fair of Contemporary Art (FIAC). The second Saturday in October, Montmartre wine revives its past during the harvest festival of Montmartre . One of the earliest manifestations of art in Paris is the Paris Biennale , founded in 1959 by André Malraux . Health

The Hôtel-Dieu de Paris . Many hospitals are located in Paris, some of which are particularly old, the tradition of hospitality dating back to the Middle Ages . The Hôtel-Dieu de Paris , founded in 651 by Saint Landry , bishop of Paris, is the oldest hotel in town. Symbol of charity and hospitality, he was the only hospital in Paris until the xii th  century, 21 f . Most facilities within the AP-HP , Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris , a public health established by the Act of 10 January 1849 and within the city of Paris . It acts as the regional hospital in Paris and the Ile-de-France and employs over 90,000 people including many doctors and officials of the Public Hospital (FPH). The hotel Miramion in the 5 th district that housed a hospital was converted into a museum of the Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris hospital and tells the story of the city. Among the major institutions, may be quoted in central Paris the Necker Hospital for Sick Children , the Cochin Hospital , the Pitié-Salpêtrière , Saint-Antoine , Saint-Louis , Bichat-Claude Bernard , or the latest, the European Hospital Georges Pompidou . In inner suburbs (suburbs), the hospital Henri Mondor ( Créteil ), Bicêtre ( Le Kremlin-Bicetre ), The Raincy-Montfermeil or Beaujon ( Clichy ) are among the most popular 111 . The outer suburbs has several Parisian hospitals generally inter-outside of the AP-HP hospitals include Victor Dupouy d’Argenteuil or the hospital center of Versailles . It may also be mentioned among the hospitals the hospital of the Blind Asylum , founded in 1260 by St. Louis , whose purpose was to raise the blind in Paris, the Army Teaching Hospital of Val de Grace or the American Hospital in Paris , founded in 1906 and located in Neuilly-sur-Seine , which is a special status of private institutions, non-profit, non-contracted and approved by Social Security . Paris is also one of the cities of France’s most dense doctors , whether generalists or specialists: there were in 2005 no less than 5840 general practitioners (such as against 3 349 in total in Seine-Saint-Denis and the Val d’Oise , the combined population slightly higher) 112 . Sports  Main article: Sport in Paris Phen375 Review .

Game of rugby at Stade de France . The history of Paris is marked by the sport of tennis from the xii th  century football in xxi th  century through the horse racing and cycling in the xx th  century. The city has 360 sports: 172 tennis courts, 131 municipal gyms, 36 swimming pools (welcoming 3.4 million individual entries in 2006) and 10 pools schools, 32 municipal stadiums, two nautical bases, and six parks located inter- in the three departments of the coronet s 21 . The main sports clubs in Paris are Paris Saint-Germain ( football ), the Paris FC ( football ), Red Star 93 ( football ) the Paris-Levallois Basket ( Basketball ), the Paris handball ( handball ), the Stadium French ( rugby union ) and the Paris Volley ( volleyball ). The Parc des Princes , built in 1897 southwest of Paris and rebuilt in 1972, with 45 500 seats seats. Its resident club in 2010 s 22 is the Paris Saint-Germain . The Palais de Paris-Bercy sports center , a large flexible space enclosed by the east of Paris opened in 1984 , hosts many sporting events but also acts as a performance venue and receives various events: concerts , ice , etc. s 23 . The stage Charléty , established in 1939 and rebuilt in 1994 , temple of amateur sports in Paris 24 s , includes an athletics stadium to 20,000 seats and a sports hall of 1500 seats s 25 . Paris was the city home games of the World Cup football in 1938 as well as that of 1998 . The Stade de France in 80 000 seats , built in Saint-Denis in the northern suburbs for World Cup Soccer 1998 , is the lair of the France soccer team who won the competition. It hosts the finals of the Coupe de France Football and League Cup . He was also the host of the 2000 and 2006 Champions League UEFA . It is also used throughout the year for home games of the France team of rugby during the Six Nations , and sometimes for big matches of the rugby team Stade French . Several games of the World Cup Rugby 2007 have been played, including the final. Paris hosted the Summer Olympics of 1900 and in 1924 and was an unsuccessful candidate in the organization of the 1992, 2008 and 2012 ( Paris 2012 ), which took place respectively in Barcelona , Beijing and London . Paris is also interested in the organization of the Summer Olympics of 2020 . The Tour de France every year from a different city, but always ends in Paris (since 1975 on the Champs-Elysees ). The tennis is another popular sport in Paris: the Internationaux de France , held each year on the clay courts of Roland Garros stadium near the Bois de Boulogne , is one of the four events of the Grand Slam professional tennis s 26 . Media  According to the linguist Philip Ball Mareuil, the standard for the pronunciation of the French “is attributed to the cultured bourgeoisie of the capital, where converge all communication channels are installed and where the mainstream media today. This pronunciation is broadcast by radio, television [...]. Paris acts as both a magnet and a steamroller ” 113 . Print  The regional daily Le Parisien has now declined in ten versions county, including one in Paris. Four newspapers are distributed, three in the morning ( 20 minutes , Direct Matin and Metro ), one in the evening ( Direct Soir ), and are mostly played in public transport. The Official shows and Pariscope offer comprehensive cultural program of the metropolis. Zurban , who died in June 2006, was intended as a city guide for readers to pay attention to fashion and urban claimed its editorial “  bobo  “. Local TV  These include, in addition to the regional programs of the national channel France 3 , several associative chains or local authorities. Télif together on a single channel broadcast by the cable, the ADSL or satellite local channels in the region: VOTV (Val -d ‘Oise), Télessonne (Essonne), TVM East Paris (Seine-Saint-Denis), TVFil78 (Yvelines) and RTV ( Rosny-sous-Bois ). Zalea TV , associative chain Parisian, is periodically broadcast by radio in distributed based on the permissions that have sometimes led to chain pirate broadcasts. Teleplaisance.org , other associative chain, diffuses only amateur programs. The two channels are available in 2007 through a distribution via the Internet. September local channels TNT broadcast from 20 March 2008 . These NRJ Paris , of a IDF , and Cap 24 . Four other channels will then share the same channel: Tomorrow IDF, “television of urbanity and diversity”; BDM TV, which should go in the neighborhoods and talk about culture initiatives, CINAPS TV, composed of researchers wanting to share their knowledge by of humor. And finally TV jar, working in deprived areas, classified as “urban policy”. See also: Newspapers in Ile-de-France and Radio in Paris . Cults

The Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal is a place of Catholic pilgrimage. Catholics  : the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Paris is one of twenty-three archdioceses of France. Diocese since the iii th  century, the siege of Paris was built in Archdiocese on 20 October 1622 . The current archbishop, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois whose auxiliary bishops NN. SS. Jerome Beau Daniel, Jean-Yves André Michel and Michel Pollien Nahmias. He replaces this function Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger , archbishop of Paris of 1981 to Cell Phone Accessories 2005 . In 2005 , the city had 106 Catholic parishes welcoming the faithful and 24 foreign missions. There are also seven Eastern Catholic churches attached to the Ordinariate Catholics of the Eastern Churches residing in France: Coptic , Chaldean , Greek Melkite , Maronite , Romanian , Russian and Syriac . The same year, there were 730 priests, 2,500 nuns, about 220 religious communities (140 women and 80 men) 114 . Among the major pilgrimage sites, the two largest are the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre ensure that the faithful since 1885 the Perpetual Adoration 115 , and the Notre-Dame-de-la-miraculous medal , where the Virgin Mary would have appeared several times in 1830 to St. Catherine Laboure 116 . Evangelical Churches  : Paris has 72 churches evangelical Protestant of various denominations 117 . Reformed  : Paris has fifteen parishes of the Reformed Church of France 118 . Lutheran  : Paris has ten parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of France 119 . Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints  : two parishes Rue Saint-Merri in the 4 th district and street Romainville in the 19 th District 120 . Jews  : the city has 96 synagogues 121 . Muslims  : the Great Mosque of Paris welcomes the faithful since 1926 on more than one hectare in area, place the shaft of the Hermit in the 5 th District 122 . The city also has 75 mosques and prayer rooms located mostly in homes 123 . Buddhists  : a Relevant Life Insurance temple is located in the Bois de Vincennes , on the southern shore of Lake Daumesnil in an old flag of the Colonial Exhibition of 1931 . Two others are in the Asian district of Paris , in the 13 th arrondissement . Hinduism  : a temple opened in 1985 , dedicated to Ganesh , is Pajol Street in the 18 th arrondissement  , it is the only Hindu place of worship in Paris. Scientology  : a place of worship and a Celebrity Center. Jehovah’s Witnesses  : The city has seven places of worship 124 . Personalities linked to Paris  Main article: List of figures from Paris . Main article: Honorary Citizen of the City of Paris . Economy

 

The business district of Defence . Related article: Economy of the Ile-de-France . With a GDP of 552.7 billion euros in 2008 5 , the Paris region is one of the richest in Europe: if it were a country it would rank seventeenth largest in the world economy, producing almost as much wealth as the Netherlands 125 . Paris, like the rest of the Ile de France , but even more significantly, is richer and more tertiarised than the French average. The Paris area is however much less specialized economically than other major business centers such as London , his great rival in Europe , which is particularly strong in the financial . However, according to Eric Le Boucher , Ile-de-France is an economic decline and job losses: “no capital region to the world loses its jobs such as Paris, blinded by her brilliant past, badly governed, fragmented in its selfishness, lack of registration decidedly anemic in the global competition of cities of the xxi th  century 126  . ” The same concerns are echoed by the architect Jean Nouvel who considers it imperative that Paris is changing, “on pain of becoming a museum city 127  “.

Paris has an office space above that of London (including take-up for banks 128 ) despite being five times less extent, a larger number of groups in the Fortune 500 have their headquarters 129 , the Ile-de-France is becoming the first European region to the Greater London for jobs created by two thousand and seven international locations in 130 and finally the French capital deposited each year more patents than the English capital and has a greater proportion of researchers in its workforce 131 . At present, the GDP at purchasing power parity in the Paris region, estimated at 460 billion dollars, is higher than that of London 132 . These comparisons should be taken with caution, taken into account the perimeters are not always the same: and Greater London, with 7,517,700 inhabitants, does not represent all of Greater London. In comparative studies on the economic attractiveness, European or world, Paris is now number two behind London, but always in front of Tokyo, Madrid, New York and Berlin. The ambition of Paris is, in the municipality, “to be both Rome and California” (third patents are filed in Paris France 133 ). t shirt printing The largest economic sector is tourism, leisure (cafes, hotels, restaurants and services) and professional (salon, conferences …). It faces competition from emerging cities of Eastern Europe or South America may be less expensive. Thus, Madrid is a serious competitor for leisure tourism, Vienna and Milan for fairs and congresses. Paris has a very diverse tissue hotel, at a lower cost than many other capitals for two and three star and still enjoys its reputation for elegance, luxury , the fragrance , the fashion and gastronomy . The cultural sector, both public and private, is also a major economic sector in Paris: publishing, media, music, movies, theaters, museums, galleries and art dealers, dance companies and theater … cultural concentration is unique in Europe. Paris and its suburbs together three-quarters of the entertainment across the country. Paris is by far the department that includes the most jobs in the region with close to 1,650,600 in 2004 , representing 31% of private jobs in the region before the Hauts-de-Seine with 848 200 jobs (16% 134 ). The unemployment rate in Paris is the end of 2010 of 8.7% which is below the national rate, 9.8%, while for 30 years, the rate in Paris was still higher than in France. The wage Paris are slightly higher than the region ( 19 euros per hour annual average instead of 18.2 euros , figures in 2002 ) and well above the average wage in France ( 13.1 euros ) . However, this difference is mainly due to the strong overrepresentation of frames that make up 25% of employees. The city is mainly characterized by its high wage inequality: the 10% of wage earners receive four times the lowest paid 10%, which exceeds slightly the regional average (3.7), but is well above the difference observed in the rest of France (2.6). Similarly, geographical inequalities also appear within the city: the average hourly wage offered in the 8 th arrondissement ( 24.2 euros ) was up 82% compared to the 20 th district ( 13.3 euros ). However, the pay gap between men and women at the same level are only 6% in Paris against 10% in the rest of France 135 . Population and income tax  In 2006, the median household income tax was € 22 535 , which placed Paris in 1147 th place among 30 687 municipalities with more than 50 households in the metropolis 136 . Businesses and shops  The city of Paris is experiencing a growing service sector of the economy with the proliferation of service companies. However, the craft and the industry still accounts for a significant share of jobs. Trade remains attractive despite the development of large commercial under-represented in Ile-de-France in proportion to the number of inhabitants. Sector of the industry had nearly 25 000 establishments in 2003 and employed 110,000 workers in the year 2000 . The printing-press-release provided most of the activity with 40% of industrial employment in Paris, and Industry Garment and Leather 23%. The area of the craft totaled 36 237 enterprises (mainly concentrated in the north and east of the city), 28% of the artisans of the region and brought together 123,000 employees in 2003 137 . Since the year 1980 , the municipality organized the artisanal and industrial location with the creation of “  business hotels  “, especially in the outskirts of the city is 138 . Services together 35% of the employees of small businesses, followed by manufacturing with 28.9%, construction 22.4% and finally with the diet with 13.7% 137 . The trade in Paris, remained particularly attractive far beyond the limits of the city with nearly 80,000 local and 30,000 retail outlets, is characterized by its extreme diversity and geographical distribution fairly balanced 137 . However, the introduction of supermarkets on the outskirts of the leases or the increase resulted in significant changes at the end of xx th  century. The single business has gradually replaced the small food shops by computer stores very concentrated ( Montgallet Street and rue de Charenton in particular in the 12 th district) or wholesale textile ( Sentier district and part the 11 th arrondissement). The influx of international chains of shops, mostly clothing (Celio, Zara , etc..), the phenomenon has further increased to the point of concern to Parisians the rapid disappearance of small local shops (food shops or bookstores in particular), what has happened in many parts of London for example. The municipality has finally played its right of first refusal to fight against this phenomenon and the local plan seeks to limit the impact of this change in the future, for example by prohibiting the change of use of a commercial sold 139 . The area of business services is the largest and is the third of Parisian establishments. At December 31, 2001 , nearly 122,300 enterprises employing at least one employee. Indeed, a feature of the Paris economy is the strong presence alongside major offices, small businesses of one to ten employees who collect more than a quarter of jobs. This segment comprises the activities of advisory and assistance, operational services, post and telecommunications and research and development 137 . According to the Master Plan developed by the Regional Council of Ile-de-France , the metropolis table by 2025 on the creation of one million and a half jobs, the construction of 500,000 offices and especially the implementation of one thousand foreign companies, including India, China and Brazil, increasing the growth rate of 2 to 5% per year 140 . Business districts

The business park Paris-Nord II and, basically, the village of Roissy-en-France (left) and the Paris-Charles de Gaulle (right). The city of Paris offering more space available, business districts have developed in part at its periphery. The cluster “Paris-La Défense” 141 , which includes the western part of the right bank of Paris and nine municipalities of Hauts-de-Seine , dominates the business Ile: there are most of the major corporate headquarters and jobs high income. Two areas are particularly important: the center of Paris and the district of La Defense 142 , a suburb west. The business district covers an area wide enough around the Opera and the Gare Saint-Lazare 143 . He keeps a major role but the price of real estate office are particularly high and the surfaces limited by the rules of urban planning. Between 1994 and 2005, the number of private jobs are quite clearly declined in favor of the suburbs West 144 in which the defense has a central place. Defense, characterized by its skyscrapers, has been developing for the years 1960 and three million square meters of offices and 150,000 employees. There are 1500 companies including fourteen of the twenty largest domestic companies and fifteen of the fifty world premieres 145 . A large stimulus package is intended for the district for years to come. Other business districts implanted elsewhere. Paris Rive Gauche in the 13 th district is the most advanced projects in development. In the suburbs, other clusters are born in areas where property prices are lower or on hubs strategic ( Paris-Charles de Gaulle ). In the department of Seine-Saint-Denis and particularly in the area wow gold of inter- La Plaine Saint-Denis , many projects some of which are classified BIA should radically change the old industrial area of greater Europe ( 1 st July 2008 less than 1% of the planned work had begun) 146 . Tourism

Panoramic view of Paris from the top of the Arc de Triomphe. Main articles: Tourism dui lawyer chicago in Ile-de-France and Museums, monuments and sites of Paris . Related article: UNESCO World Heritage in France . The “  tourism  “in the modern sense, has taken to scale as a result of the appearance of the railway , in the year 1840 . One of the first attractions was, from 1855 , the series of world fairs , provide opportunities to build in Paris many new monuments, the most famous is the Eiffel Tower , erected for the exhibition of 1889 . These, in addition to the embellishments made ??to the capital under the Second Empire , have largely contributed to make the city itself the attraction it is today. But if Paris is the capital’s most visited in the world, it is considered as one of the least hospitable and most expensive: a survey 147 on sixty cities with 14,000 people around the world 148 , it is in first place for the beauty and vitality, but in the end ranking in terms of quality of care (52 th out of 60) and prices (only 55 e 149 ). The Paris region hosts approximately 42 million tourists a year 150 and central Paris about 28 million 151 of which approximately 17 million foreigners 152 , making it the most visited city in the world 153 , 150 . It is also one of the cities hosting the most international conferences 154 . In 2009 , the first fifty cultural sites of the city recorded 67.2 million admissions, a figure unchanged from 2008 155 . Local culture and heritage

Monuments and tourist sites  Main articles: List of religious buildings in Paris , Paris List of palaces , monuments and sites of Paris and List of tallest buildings in the Ile-de-France .

The Notre-Dame de Paris . The most famous monuments of Paris dating from various eras. They are often located in the center and on the banks of the Seine. The Seine from Pont de Sully in the Pont de Bir-Hakeim is one of the most beautiful city and river are also listed on the inventory of World Heritage of UNESCO . It includes, from east to west: Notre-Dame , the Louvre , the Invalides , the Pont Alexandre III , the Grand Palais , the Musée du Quai Branly , the Eiffel Tower and the Trocadero . Further east, significant contemporary buildings were built (the Ministry of Finance , the site of the François Mitterrand national library of France , etc.).. Found on the Ile de la Cité iconic ancient monuments. The Notre Dame Cathedral , the Gothic style , mainly built of xii th  century xiii th  century, has been restored in the xix th  century and its western facade cleaned at the end of xx th  century. It is symbolically the core of Paris and the French road distances are measured from the square. The former palace of the Conciergerie was the seat of royal power until the reign of Charles V , in the second half of the xiv th  century. Part of the building was then converted into a prison and was notably the place of detention of illustrious personalities of the Old Regime before they are executed during the French Revolution . The Sainte-Chapelle , built close to the Conciergerie, is considered a masterpiece of Gothic architecture . The Pont Neuf , at the western end of the island, dating from the end of the xvi th  century, is the oldest bridge in Paris in the state. The monuments of classic also mark the center of Paris their mark. The chapel of the Sorbonne in the heart of the Latin Quarter , was built in the early xvii th  century. The Louvre , royal residence, has been improved in xvii th  century and reworked several times thereafter. The Hôtel des Invalides , with its famous golden dome, was erected at the end of the xvii th  century on the outskirts of the city by Louis XIV dedicated to providing a hospice for wounded soldiers. It houses since December 15 1840 the ashes of Napoleon I er , and his tomb since April 2, 1861 156 . The Pantheon , built in turn by the end of the xviii th  century near the Sorbonne, became under the Revolution , where a temple of the French civil famous are buried.

The Passage Jouffroy . The heritage of xix th  century is very abundant in Paris including the Arc de Triomphe , the walkways , the Palais Garnier built in the late Second Empire and the beginning of the Third Republic , which houses the Paris Opera , and the Eiffel Tower , built “temporary” built by Gustave Eiffel for the Universal Exhibition of 1889 but was never dismantled. She became the symbol of Paris, visible from most parts of the city and sometimes the inner suburbs. In the xx th  century, many achievements of the greatest architects dot the streets of Paris: Guimard , Plumet 157 or Lavirotte , references of the Art Nouveau in France and those of Mallet-Stevens , Roux-Spitz , Dudok , Henri Sauvage , Le Corbusier , Auguste Perret , etc.. during the period between the wars . Contemporary architecture in Paris is represented by the Pompidou Centre , a building of 1970 housing the national museum of modern art and a large public library freely accessible by the Institute of the Arab world opened in 1987 , or by significant achievements desired by President Francois Mitterrand  : The National Library of France in the new district of Paris Rive Gauche in full development, the Opera Bastille and probably the most famous, the Louvre Pyramid , designed by architect IM Pei erected in the courtyard of the Louvre . More recently, the Quai Branly museum , or museum of arts and civilizations of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas, designed by Jean Nouvel and opened in 2006 , has further enriched the cultural and architectural diversity of the capital.

Montmartre and the Sacred Heart seen from the terrace of the Galeries Lafayette It is in the courtyard of the Louvre begins the historical axis of Paris: it is a monumental alignment of buildings and lines of communication from the heart of the city towards the west. It starts at the statue of Louis XIV in the main courtyard of the Louvre and continues through the garden of the Tuileries , the Place de la Concorde , the Champs-Elysées and ends at the Arc de Triomphe in the middle of the Place Charles de Gaulle (formerly Place de l’Etoile). From the year 1960 , the prospect was extended to the west by the construction of the business district of La Défense district, where most are of the highest skyscrapers in the Paris area . Perspective is completed in 1989 by the construction of the Arche de la Defense . The Montparnasse Tower and the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at the top of the hill Montmartre are, by their height, significant landmarks in the Parisian sky. This is one of the emblematic sites of Paris and welcomes many visitors , especially around the Place payment protection insurance du Tertre where are the painters and caricaturists . In the year 1960 , the Minister of Cultural Affairs André Malraux launched a major campaign facade facelift 158 , which told the filmmaker François Truffaut  : “From the Money Paris, it became very difficult to solar panels show that Paris as it had been before 159  . ”

Parks and Gardens  Main article: List of parks in Paris .

The Tuileries Gardens . There are mature gardens in the heart of Paris, like those of the Tuileries and Luxembourg. The Tuileries Gardens was created in the xvi th  century, on the right bank of the Seine , near the Louvre for the eponymous palace no longer exists. The Luxembourg Gardens , on the left bank, was once a dependency of private castle built for Marie de Medici to 1625 . The Jardin des Plantes , created by Guy de La Brosse , the doctor of Louis XIII , for the cultivation of medicinal plants , was for its first public park in Paris. However, it is the Second Empire Parisian gardens that have most of their current appearance. The creation of green space was an important facet of the policy ventilation of a city crammed a rapidly growing population. Led by the engineer Jean-Charles Alphand and the landscape architect Jean-Pierre Deschamps-barrel , a new type of garden was born. The Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes , while outside of Paris, are located: respectively located in the far west and far east of central Paris, they are now by far green space with the most extensive in the city. Some gardens are redesigned center and neighborhood squares are created. In recent quarters, major parks are designed, Monceau (formerly known as the “madness of Chartres”), Montsouris , the Buttes-Chaumont were designed by the engineer car transport company of Napoleon III . Since the year 1980 , several parks have been built in disused areas of activity. The Parc de la Villette , designed by architect Bernard Tschumi on the location of former slaughterhouses of Paris, is now the largest park in central Paris. During the year 1990 , the Parc de Bercy , one of Belleville and others have emerged. Home gardens and educational also decorated the periphery of the city along the old railway line circular “  inner ring  “. The gardens of Aeolus opened in 2007 is the largest park created in Paris in the year 2000 . Major parks in Paris (in parentheses: area in hectares) s 27 Prior to the Second Empire Developed under the Second Empire Created in the last quarter of the xx th  century Created denver accident lawyer in the xxi th  century The Jardin des Plantes (23.5) the Tuileries Gardens (28) the Luxembourg Gardens (22.5) Note 6 the Champ de Mars (24.3) the Bois de Vincennes (995) the Bois de Boulogne (846) the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont (24.7) The Parc Monceau (8.2) note 7 The Montsouris Park (15.5) the Belleville Park (4.5) The Parc de la Villette (55) the hcg drops Parc Georges Brassens (8.7) the Parc André Citroën (13.9) the Bercy Park (14) the Jardins d’Eole (4.2) Cemeteries  Main article: Paris Cemetery .

The cemetery of Pere-Lachaise . The main Parisian cemeteries were located on the outskirts of the city they founded in 1804 by Napoleon I er . Several churches in Paris also had their own cemeteries, but at the end of xviii th  century, it was decided to close for safety issues. All the bones contained in the parish cemetery removed in 1786 were transferred to the ancient underground quarries outside the southern gates of Paris, has since become the place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14 th arrondissement . These quarries are known today as the catacombs of Paris f 22 . Although the extension of Paris has now re-covered all these old cemeteries, they have become very popular oasis of tranquility in a bustling city. Several major figures have found rest in the cemetery of Pere-Lachaise . The other cemeteries are the major cemetery of Montmartre , the Montparnasse cemetery , the cemetery of Passy and the catacombs of Paris . New cemeteries “Outside the walls” were created in the early xx th  century: the greater the Parisian cemetery of Saint-Ouen , the Parisian cemetery of Pantin , the Parisian cemetery of Ivry and the Parisian cemetery of Bagneux . Cultural heritage

The sights of Paris on a 1936 stamp Paris is a center of culture in the foreground. Destination tourist visited every year by some 26 million foreign tourists, Paris has more than 150 such museums such the Louvre , and exceptional sites, such as Champs Elysees or the Eiffel Tower . Capital of the world exhibitions and conferences (5% of the business world congress of nearly 600,000 square meters), fashion, luxury, gastronomy and (after Venice ) of romantic love, Paris also offers a important choice in entertainment, including theaters and operas, and submit to a particular public choice unmatched cinematic films from around the world. The main areas for nightlife are the Champs-Elysées , the Place de la Concorde to the Arc de Triomphe , the Bastille , Pigalle , the rue Mouffetard , the Oberkampf street , famous for its bars, Marais , the Butte-aux-Quail , the Republic Square , the banks of the Canal Saint-Martin , the Latin Quarter , the district of Les Halles , Montparnasse or the rue de Lappe . In Las Vegas , a casino has reconstructed the ½ scale Eiffel Tower , the Arc de Triomphe and the Opera Garnier . On the same principle, a Chinese developer is building a “little Paris” on the outskirts of Hangzhou in China . Museums  Main article: List of museums in Paris .

The Louvre. Paris and the Ile-de-France have the largest supply of museum France. On compte en effet pas moins de cent musées dans Paris intra-muros auxquels il faut ajouter plus de cent-dix musées dans la région. Mais au-delà du nombre, c’est surtout dans la diversité des collections que se trouve la plus grande richesse. Capitale pluriséculaire au riche patrimoine, Paris attire chaque année de nombreux visiteurs. Le musée le plus ancien, le plus grand en surface et en collections est le musée du Louvre. Avec un record de fréquentation de 8,3 millions de visiteurs en 2006, le Louvre est de loin le musée d’art le plus visité au monde. D’autres possèdent également une renommée mondiale tels le musée national d’art moderne (dans le Centre Georges-Pompidou), consacré à l’art moderne et contemporain, ou le musée d’Orsay, pour l’art de la seconde moitié du xixe siècle (de 1848 à 1905). À proximité de Paris, le château de Versailles, palais édifié par le Roi-Soleil et résidence des rois de France aux xviie et xviiie siècles, attire également plusieurs millions de visiteurs par an. Le palais et le parc de Versailles sont classés sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO depuis 1979160. On trouve des musées sous divers statuts administratifs : les plus célèbres sont des musées nationaux, c’est-à-dire appartenant à l’État français. On peut citer, outre le Louvre, Orsay, et le Centre Pompidou, le musée national du Moyen Âge (Thermes et hôtel de Cluny), le musée du Quai Branly, le musée des Monuments Français, le musée national des Arts Décoratifs, le musée national des Arts Asiatiques Guimet par exemple. D’autres dépendent de ministères, tels le musée de l’Armée (Hôtel des Invalides) et le musée de l’air et de l’espace du Bourget qui relèvent du ministère de la Défense. On peut également citer le Panthéon, où reposent les « grands hommes » de la Nation tels que Victor Hugo, Voltaire, Jean Moulin, Jean Jaurès ou Marie Curie. D’autres relèvent de l’Institut de France ou encore sont des musées privés (par exemple le musée Jacquemart-André, ou le musée Dapper). La municipalité de Paris possède et gère quant à elle quatorze web hosting review musées et sites municipaux dont les plus célèbres sont le musée Carnavalet, consacré à l’histoire de Paris, à proximité de la maison de Victor Hugo ou encore les catacombes. La ville possède également le musée du Petit-Palais (musée des Beaux-Arts de la ville de Paris), le Palais de Tokyo (musée d’Art moderne de la ville de Paris), et le musée Cernuschi (musée des Arts Asiatiques de la ville de Paris). De nombreuses expositions thématiques y sont organiséess 28. Bibliothèques[modifier] Paris accueille un grand nombre de bibliothèques et médiathèques, notamment publiques. La bibliothèque Mazarine, constituée à partir de la bibliothèque personnelle du cardinal Mazarin, est la plus ancienne bibliothèque publique de France ; elle fut ouverte au public en 1643. La Bibliothèque nationale de France se trouve pour l’essentiel à Paris, notamment sur deux sites : « Richelieu » situé dans le 2e arrondissement et surtout « François-Mitterrand » dans le 13e arrondissement. Elle constitue l’une des plus importantes bibliothèques au Monde avec une collection estimée à trente millions de volumes. Cet établissement public est le dépositaire en France du dépôt légal depuis le règne de François Ier. L’autre grande bibliothèque publique est la Bibliothèque publique d’information du Centre national d’art et de culture Georges-Pompidou. La ville gère cinquante-cinq bibliothèques municipales de prêt généralistess 29 et une dizaine de bibliothèques municipales thématiquess 30 où il est également possible d’emprunter certains documents. On peut citer parmi les plus connues la bibliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris, créée en 1871, qui possède un million de livres et brochures, des photographies, cartes et plans liés à l’histoire de la ville ou la bibliothèque du cinéma François-Truffaut, offrant une importante documentation sur le cinémas 31. Contrairement à l’accès à la BNF et à la bibliothèque Mazarine, l’accès aux bibliothèques municipales est entièrement gratuit même s’il peut être interdit aux mineurs dans les bibliothèques thématiques. L’emprunt des livres, revues, bandes dessinées ou partitions est gratuit, celui des disques et vidéos se fait moyennant un forfait annuel. Il existe en outre des wedding ring bibliothèques associatives ou privées. De nombreuses bibliothèques universitaires sont ouvertes au public, la plus prestigieuse d’entre elles étant la Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève. Opéras, théâtres et salles de spectacle[modifier] Articles détaillés : Liste des théâtres et opéras de Paris et Liste des salles de spectacle et cabarets parisiens.

L’Olympia, célèbre salle de concert parisienne. Les plus grands opéras de Paris sont l’Opéra Garnier et l’Opéra Bastille ; ils offrent un répertoire varié de classique et de moderne. Le théâtre est traditionnellement un lieu majeur de la culture parisienne. Cela demeure vrai, bien que plusieurs de ses acteurs les plus populaires sont également des vedettes de la télévision française. La Comédie-Française, le théâtre de l’Odéon ou, sur d’autres registres, le théâtre Mogador et le théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse figurent parmi les principaux théâtres parisiens. Quelques-uns sont également des salles de concert. Des légendes du monde musical français tels qu’Édith Piaf, Maurice Chevalier, Georges Brassens et Charles Aznavour ont trouvé la gloire dans les salles de concert parisiennes : Bobino, l’Olympia, La Cigale ou encore Le Splendid. La salle Pleyel accueille de nombreux concerts symphoniques, la salle Gaveau de la musique de chambre ; la maison de Radio France offre, quant à elle, de nombreux concerts d’une grande diversité musicale. L’Élysée Montmartre mentionné ci-dessous, dont la taille s’est nettement réduite, est devenu une salle de concert. Le New Morning est l’un des quelques clubs parisiens offrant toujours des concerts de jazz mais on peut y entendre des musiques d’autres horizons. Plus récemment, Le Zénith dans le quartier de la Villette et le palais omnisports dans le quartier de Bercy, voire le Stade de France à Saint-Denis ou le Parc des Princes proposent des concerts à plus grande échelle. Les guinguettes et les cafés-concerts constituaient l’épine dorsale du divertissement parisien avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Parmi les exemples précoces, avant le milieu du xixe siècle, on peut citer la guinguette du moulin de la galette et les cafés-concerts de l’Élysée Montmartre et du Château-Rouge. Les orchestres populaires ont ouvert la voie aux accordéonistes parisiens dont la musique a déplacé des foules à l’Apollo et la java a fait danser au faubourg du Temple et à Belleville. En dehors des clubs survivants de cette époque s’est développée la discothèque moderne : Le Palace, bien que fermé aujourd’hui, en est l’exemple le plus légendaire de Paris. Aujourd’hui, une grande partie du clubbing à Paris se déroule dans des clubs comme le Queen, l’Étoile, Le Cab qui sont très sélectifs. Les clubs orientés vers la musique électronique tels que Le Rex, le Batofar (un bateau converti en club) ou The Pulp sont assez populaires et les meilleurs DJ du monde y offrent leurs prestations. Cinéma[modifier] Paris compte un grand nombre de salles obscures représentant 376 écrans (la plus grande concentration mondiale par habitant), dont 150 écrans indépendants et 89 classés art et d’essai. Elles se distinguent par la variété de l’offre, environ 450 à 500 films différents à l’affiche chaque semaines 32 et sont fréquentées par plus de vingt-sept millions de spectateurs par an (chiffres 2006). Quelques grands groupes dominent de plus en plus et le cinéma indépendant est fragilisé. Depuis les années 1990, de grands multiplexes de dix ou vingt salles ont été créés (aux Halles, à Bercy, etc.)161. La plus grande salle de cinéma à Paris est aujourd’hui Le Grand Rex avec 2 800 places, depuis que le Gaumont Palace de la place de Clichy (qui comptait 6000 places) a été détruit en 1973. Toutes les autres salles parisiennes possèdent désormais moins de 1 000 places. L’ancien American Center de l’architecte Frank O.Gehry abrite désormais la Cinémathèque française, au nord de la passerelle Simone-de-Beauvoir, dont elle est séparée par le parc de Bercy ; elle fait face au site François-Mitterrand de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Cafés, restaurants et hôtels[modifier]

Le Café de Flore, célèbre café parisien, à Saint-Germain-des-Prés.

Le Café des deux magots, un autre café parisien célèbre de Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Les cafés sont rapidement devenus une partie intégrante de la culture française de par leur aspect, en particulier à partir de l’ouverture du café Régence au Palais-Royal en 1688 puis, un an plus tard, du café Procope sur la rive gauche. Les cafés dans les jardins du Palais-Royal sont devenus particulièrement populaires au cours du xviiie siècle et peuvent être considérés comme les premières « terrasses de café » à Paris. Celles-ci ne connurent pas d’expansion jusqu’à ce que les trottoirs et les boulevards aient commencé à apparaître au milieu du xixe siècle. La réputation culinaire de wedding ring Paris trouve ses fondations dans les origines diversifiées de ses habitants. Avec l’arrivée du chemin de fer au milieu du xixe siècle et la révolution industrielle qui suivit, de nombreuses personnes de toute la France sont arrivées dans la capitale, apportant toute la diversité gastronomique des différentes régions de France et créant de nombreux restaurants de spécialités régionales, comme « Chez Jenny » pour la cuisine alsacienne et « Aux Lyonnais » pour celle de Lyon. L’immigration en provenance de pays étrangers a apporté une encore plus grande diversité culinaire et on trouve aujourd’hui à Paris, en plus d’un grand nombre d’établissements de cuisine du Maghreb ou d’Asie, des établissements proposant des préparations culinaires en provenance des cinq continents. Une autre conséquence de l’augmentation du nombre de voyageurs et de touristes dans la capitale est, dès la fin du xixe siècle, la présence de nombreux hôtels, en partie liée aux expositions universelles. Parmi les plus luxueux, l’Hôtel Ritz est apparu sur la place Vendôme en 1898 et l’Hôtel de Crillon a ouvert ses portes sur le côté nord de la place de la Concorde en 1909. Paris, centre littéraire et intellectuel[modifier] Article détaillé : vie electronic cigarettes littéraire à Paris. Dès le xiie siècle, le rayonnement de son université fait de Paris l’un des grands foyers intellectuels du monde chrétien. L’adoption du dialecte parisien par la Cour affirme cette vocation. Durant la Renaissance, la ville devient un foyer de l’Humanisme. Avec la progressive centralisation du pouvoir, Paris se trouve renforcée dans sa prééminence culturelle en France. Vers le milieu du xviie siècle, Paris et ses salons deviennent le centre presque unique de la littérature française. Dans le dernier tiers du siècle, le prestige de la cour de Louis XIV à Versailles éclipse un peu celui de Paris. Toutefois, la vie intellectuelle parisienne reste active (création de la Comédie-Française sous le patronage du roi en 1680). Au cours du xviiie siècle, Paris redevient le centre culturel du royaume. Les salons parisiens connaissent leur plus bel essor. Voltaire, au ton léger et ironique, est l’écrivain parisien par excellence. À l’inverse, Jean-Jacques Rousseau fuit cette ville « de bruit, de fumée et de boue » et se réfugie à Montmorency, à 15 km au nord de Paris, avant de s’y réinstaller en 1770. Après la Révolution, le monde littéraire se fait plus large, plus complexe. Paris n’en demeure pas moins le cœur de la vie intellectuelle française, en accueillant Frédéric Chopin et des progressistes (comme Heine) menacés ou chassés de différents pays d’une Europe restée globalement très conservatrice. Dans les années 1920, beaucoup d’écrivains étrangers viennent découvrir Paris et s’en inspirent dans leur œuvre : Ernest Hemingway, Henry Miller, Gertrude Stein, etc. et d’autres viennent y chercher l’espoir : D. H. Lawrence, James Joyce, etc. Montparnasse, quartier des artistes depuis la fin du xixe siècle, connaît son âge d’or. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, c’est Saint-Germain-des-Prés qui devient le foyer littéraire le plus célèbre, avec la présence de Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Boris Vian ou encore Jacques Prévert162. On considère généralement que le prestige intellectuel de Paris a baissé dans le monde depuis cette époque. Mais elle reste la principale ville de l’activité littéraire et de l’édition françaises. Aujourd’hui presque chaque quartier de Paris possède sa plaque rappelant le séjour d’un écrivain. Paris dans les arts et la culture[modifier] Paris dans la littérature[modifier] Depuis longtemps, Paris a inspiré les écrivains. Au xve siècle, François Villon plonge dans les bas-fonds de Paris pour amorcer son œuvre majeure : Le Testament. Toutefois, au xviie siècle et, dans une moindre mesure au xviiie siècle, la description de la réalité parisienne contemporaine intéresse peu les auteurs. Au xixe siècle, les écrivains français s’attachent davantage à décrire la réalité de leur temps de manière plus exacte. Sous la monarchie de Juillet, Honoré de Balzac cherche à brosser un tableau détaillé et moderne de la société française, c’est La Comédie humaine163. Paris occupe une place privilégiée dans cette œuvre et pas seulement dans les Scènes de la vie parisienne. Il distingue par la diversité des réseaux de relation : c’est là que sont possibles les succès les plus fulgurants, là que l’on cherche la gloire164 mais aussi là que l’on peut tomber dans l’anonymat le plus absolu165. Si Balzac s’intéresse avant tout à la haute société ou aux pastry ambitieux désargentés, on commence à la même époque à s’intéresser à la ville populaire, perçue comme menaçante et fascinante. Des études paraissent sur les « classes dangereuses » d’une ville en expansion. Les Mystères de Paris d’Eugène Sue, qui fait une très large place au Paris de la pègre, connaît un immense succès lors de leur parution en feuilleton en 1842–1843. Vingt ans plus tard, c’est l’autre plus grand romancier de Paris, Victor Hugo, qui publie Les Misérables, autre volumineux ouvrage traitant du Paris populaire devenu un classique. Paris fascine avec une double image : une ville fastueuse et prestigieuse (Stendhal sublime Le Frascati, Balzac chante le boulevard des Italiens, Nerval ou Baudelaire ne jurent que par le Divan Le Pelletier) mais aussi une ville populaire où règne le vice. Gérard de Nerval s’y suicide dans le lieu le plus sordide qu’il ait pu y trouver. Le Paris en mutation d’Haussmann est largement décrit par Émile Zola dans Les Rougon-Macquart (Le Ventre de Paris, Nana, Au Bonheur des Dames) ; il est le cadre des errances et états d’âme des poètes Parnassiens et symbolistes et surtout de Baudelaire (Le Spleen de Paris). Dans les années 1960, les écrivains transforment Paris en une ville mythique : parfois drôle et burlesque comme Zazie dans le métro de Raymond Queneau ou encore pleine de souvenirs comme Je me souviens de Georges Perec. La ville fascine encore les écrivains de la nouvelle génération, tels Patrick Modiano (et le quartier de Belleville) ou Jean-François Vilar (et le quartier de la Bastille). La poésie également à Paris joue un rôle dans de nombreuses œuvres : Jacques Réda et Les Ruines de Paris, Jacques Roubaud et La forme d’une ville change plus vite, hélas, que le cœur des humains. Paris dans la peinture et la sculpture[modifier]

Camille Pissarro, le Pont Neuf, 1902. Paris a été une source d’inspiration pour de nombreux artistes qui ont diffusé son image dans le monde entier. Aucune représentation de la ville n’existe jusqu’aux Guerres de religion à la fin du xvie siècle. C’est sous les règnes d’Henri IV et de Louis XIII que la ville est représentée par Jacques Callot et par les peintres hollandais De Verwer et Zeeman, en particulier les bords de Seine qui les fascinent. Le Louvre devient un sujet de prédilection au xviie siècle mais il faut pourtant attendre la vogue de la peinture en plein air au xixe siècle pour voir les artistes s’intéresser à la vie parisienne et au paysage urbain en mutation. Corot plante son chevalet sur les quais de Seine, Monet représente l’atmosphère vaporeuse de la gare Saint-Lazare, Renoir décrit la vie Montmartroise (Moulin de la galette, le Moulin rouge), Pissarro peint le Pont Neuf et Sisley l’Île Saint-Louis. Puis, au tournant du siècle, Seurat, Gauguin (parisiens de naissance), Cézanne et Van Gogh représentent largement Paris dans leur œuvre. Toulouse-Lautrec est peut-être le plus parisien dans l’âme mais il s’intéresse plus aux cabarets et aux bas-fonds parisiens, qu’il fréquente assidûment, qu’aux paysages. Au xxe siècle, les plus parisiens des peintres sont certainement Marquet et Utrillo qui représentent souvent les quartiers déshérités de la ville. Matisse, Vlaminck et Derain mènent une vie de bohème au Bateau-Lavoir à Montmartre tandis que Léger, Modigliani, Chagall, Zadkine et Soutine s’installent dans les ateliers de la Ruche à Montparnasse ; c’est l’âge d’or de l’école de Paris qui laisse place au surréalisme après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les sculpteurs François Rude (La Marseillaise, composition la plus forte de l’Arc de Triomphe) puis Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux avec la fontaine de l’Observatoire précèdent les grands maîtres de la fin du xixe siècle dont d’innombrables œuvres ornent la voie publique parisienne : Rodin, Dalou (jardin du Luxembourg, place de la Nation), Bourdelle (Palais de Tokyo), Maillol (jardin des Tuileries) puis Paul Landowski (sainte Geneviève au pont de la Tournelle). L’Art nouveau a trouvé un étonnant débouché en 1900 avec le métro de Paris naissant dont Guimard orna alors plusieurs dizaines de bouches d’entrée. Wire Cart Covers L’art contemporain s’illustre par exemple au Palais-Royal avec les colonnes de Buren ou à Beaubourg avec la fontaine Stravinski. Paris dans la musique et la chanson[modifier] Article détaillé : Liste de chansons sur Paris par ordre chronologique. Paris constitue un thème et un cadre pour d’innombrables chansons et œuvres musicales. La tradition musicale à Paris remonte au
Moyen Âge avec la création à la fin du xiie siècle de l’école polyphonique de Notre-Dame dont les œuvres expriment la foi médiévale. Sous François Ier naît à Paris l’imprimerie musicale française et les premières chansons populaires apparaissent. Sous le règne de Louis XIV, les grands opéras sont représentés à Paris : Lully s’y installe et devient responsable de la musique de la Cour. Ses ballets sont représentés au Louvre à partir de 1655. Au xviiie siècle, Rameau accentue le rôle de l’orchestre dans ses opéras-ballets, la musique s’impose dans les salons. L’histoire de France influence également la musique parisienne : de nombreuses chansons populaires sont créées durant la Révolution française ; la Carmagnole devient l’hymne des Sans-culottes en 1792. Au xixe siècle, Paris devient la capitale de la musique, plus par les grands maîtres étrangers qu’elle attire par son rayonnement que grâce à ses propres compositions. La musique évolue progressivement vers le Romantisme incarné par exemple par Frédéric Chopin. Gounod renouvelle l’opéra lyrique tandis que Berlioz importe la musique descriptive. La musique festive de danses de Paris, au xixe siècle est célèbre dans le monde entier. Jouée notamment au moment du Carnaval de Paris, elle influence des musiques traditionnelles et des compositeurs étrangers. Au nombre de ceux-ci, on trouve Johann Strauss père, venu à Paris, à l’invitation de best auto insurance Philippe Musard, alors très célèbre. Ce dernier, ainsi que des dizaines d’autres compositeurs parisiens très fameux à l’époque (Jullien, Tolbecque, etc.). Après 1870, Dukas, Saint-Saëns ou Bizet font de la France la maîtresse de la musique de ballet. Le caractère national de la musique revient avec Ravel et Debussy, musiciens impressionnistes. La fin du xixe siècle est aussi l’époque des chansonniers dont Le Chat noir est le lieu de représentation emblématique, immortalisé par Toulouse-Lautrec. Au xxe siècle, les chansons d’Édith Piaf, la « môme de Paris », ainsi que celles de Maurice Chevalier incarnent la chanson populaire parisienne dans le monde entier. Plus récemment, Jacques Dutronc chante en 1968 « Il est 5 heures, Paris s’éveille » et Dalida devient l’une des plus célèbres Montmartroises, une place de la Butte porte son nom et un buste a été érigé en son hommage dix ans après sa disparition166. Paris dans la photographie[modifier]

Phaéton de marque Brouhot à Paris en 1910. Dès l’invention de la photographie, de nombreux artistes ont cherché à capter l’atmosphère de la ville et sa vie quotidienne prise sur le vif. Initiée par Eugène Atget (1857–1927)167, la photographie de scènes de rues et petits métiers aujourd’hui disparus est incarnée par Robert Doisneau (1912–1994), un des premiers grands photographes de Paris168. Les scènes insolites constituaient ses sujets de prédilection : les enfants jouant dans les rues, les concierges, les bistrots, les marchés, etc. Ses photographies sont pleines d’humour et de tendresse, la plus célèbre étant Le Baiser de l’Hôtel de Ville169. Les images de Willy Ronis évoquent le Belleville et le Ménilmontant d’autrefois, saisissante illustration d’une atmosphère populaire à jamais disparue170. Marcel Bovis (1904-1997) a quant à lui représenté la magie de Paris la nuit. Paris au cinéma[modifier] Cette section ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources. Merci d’ajouter en note des références vérifiables ou le modèle {{Référence souhaitée}}. Article détaillé : Paris au cinéma.

L’épicerie Collignon à Montmartre, apparaissant dans le film le Fabuleux Destin d’Amélie Poulain. Paris est une des villes les plus filmées au monde, avec New-York. Outre l’importante production française, les réalisateurs étrangers qui l’ont choisie pour cadre sont nombreux. Parmi une longue liste de films, quelques chefs-d’œuvre du cinéma français sont devenus des classiques. Hôtel du Nord (1938) fut le cadre de la célèbre réplique d’Arletty « Atmosphère, atmosphère, est-ce que j’ai une gueule d’atmosphère ? ». Le petit hôtel au bord du canal Saint-Martin, où le film ne fut d’ailleurs pas tournénote 8 est devenu un lieu de pèlerinage cinéphile. La Traversée de Paris (1956) rappelle une certaine réalité de l’Occupation en 1943 tout comme Le Dernier Métro (1980) tandis que Paris brûle-t-il ? (1966) évoque la libération de Paris en août 1944. Plus récemment, Chacun cherche son chat (1996) est une tranche de vie d’un immeuble parisien montrant l’isolement dans une grande métropole et la solidarité qui peut pourtant y exister. Enfin, le Fabuleux Destin d’Amélie Poulain (2001) est un conte contemporain dans un Paris mythique et intemporel. Ce film qui rencontra un succès populaire international a amené de nombreux cinéphiles à Montmartre à la recherche des lieux emblématiques du tournage. Le cinéma international est incarné par de grands succès comme Tout le monde dit I love you (1996) de Woody Allen, Moulin Rouge ! (2001) ou Da Vinci code (2006) qui ont choisi la ville pour cadre. Plus récemment en 2007, grâce à son image et à sa position de capitale de la gastronomie, Paris a été choisie comme cadre de l’action du film d’animation américain Ratatouille171. De plus, Paris apparaît dans certains films récents comme Tout peut arriver (2003) avec Jack Nicholson qui dîne dans le restaurant Le grand Colbert à la fin du film, ou encore LOL (Laughing Out Loud) (2008) où l’action se déroule à Paris. En 2010, Paris est aussi le lieu de résidence de Fabrice Luchini dans Les Femmes du 6e étage. Paris apparaît également dans le film Inception où l’action y est majoritairement située. Paris dans la culture populaire[modifier] L’argot « parisien » révélé par les écrivains du xixe siècle comme Victor Hugo, Eugène Sue ou Balzac reste très vivace à Paris jusqu’aux années 1950. L’évolution sociologique et ethnique de la population parisienne explique en grande partie cette « mort » de l’argot parisien qui ne se pratique plus vraiment dans la rue mais qui fit longtemps la joie des lecteurs de romans comme San Antonio, des spectateurs de films dialogués par Michel Audiard ou des auditeurs de chansons de Pierre Perret, de Renaud (Titi parisien par excellence) ou de sketches de Coluche. Depuis, l’embourgeoisement de la capitale et aggressive driving l’arrivée massive de populations provinciales et étrangères contribuent progressivement à la disparition de l’argot Parisien, supplanté par le verlan172, et de nouvelles formes d’expression développées en banlieue éventuellement ponctuées de mots empruntés aux langues étrangères, telles que le rap. On appelle souvent Paris la « Ville lumière ». L’origine de cette périphrase vient de la création de l’éclairage public par Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie, au xviie siècle. Paris est surnommée familièrement « Paname » surnom donné au début du xxe siècle aux Parisiens qui avaient adopté le chapeau dit panama[réf. nécessaire], mis en vogue par les ouvriers qui creusaient le canal du même nom au début du xxe siècle. Cette coiffe très pratique s’exportait principalement vers les États-Unis et l’Europe, elle avait fait fureur à Paris où tous les hommes portaient un locksmith panama. Ce chapeau a donné lieu à de nombreuses chansons, notamment le Paname de Léo Ferré, mélancolique déclaration d’amour à la capitale, qui vaudra au chanteur son premier grand succès. Plus anciennement, Paris et aussi Containers une de ses proches banlieues, Pantin, étaient surnommées, argotiquement « Pantruche » (d’où le nom de la Compagnie carnavalesque parisienne « les Fumantes de Pantruche », présente au Carnaval de Paris). « Parigot » est un terme d’argot qui désigne un Parisien. Ce terme est généralement considéré comme péjoratif ou au moins moqueur. Paris dans les jeux vidéo[modifier] La ville est reproduite dans le jeu vidéo The Saboteur, sorti en 2009, avec la plupart des plus grands monuments de la ville. Le jeu se déroule au tout début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale173,174. Elle est également entièrement reproduite dans le jeu vidéo automobile Midtown Madness 3 et Midnight Club II. Une partie du scénario s’y déroule dans Tomb Raider : L’Ange des ténèbres, et une mission y a lieu au tout début du jeu 007: Nightfire. En novembre 2011, des missions y ont lieu également dans Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3. De plus, on retrouve une carte de Battlefield 3 dans le mode multijoueur qui se déroule à Paris (Opération Métro et traversée de la seine) ainsi que dans son mode solo. Paris, siège d’organisations internationales[modifier] Plusieurs organisations internationales ont leur siège à Paris : l’Unesco, l’OCDE, scrabble word finder le secrétariat international de la Chambre de commerce internationale, le Groupe d’action financière (GAFI) ou encore l’Association mondiale anationale (SAT), etc. Paris, capitale de la mode et du luxe[modifier] Article détaillé : Histoire de la mode en France.

La rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré, l’une des plus luxueuses rues de Paris. En 1945, il existait pas moins de 106 maisons labellisées haute couture en France, essentiellement concentrées à Paris, et parmi elles la plus célèbre : Givenchy. Aujourd’hui, elles ne sont plus qu’une douzaine : les plus anciennes, Dior, Jean-Louis Scherrer, Emanuel Ungaro, Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent, de plus récentes comme André Courrèges et Pierre Cardin, ou encore les plus modestes, Dominique Sirop, Adeline André et Franck Sorbier. Ces maisons de haute couture excellent tant dans la mode que dans la parfumerie. Ainsi, Chanel n°5 ou Arpège, apparus dans les années 1920, sont devenus incontournables, tout comme Miss Dior dans les années 1940. Parallèlement à la parfumerie, se développe la maroquinerie, Vuitton et Hermès. Vuitton, l’inventeur des premières malles confortables et raffinées, est devenu un des premiers en la matière. Certains se partagent la marché de la mode et de ses accessoires : Guy Laroche, Nina Ricci, Marcel Rochas, Pierre Balmain. De nos jours, de nouveaux créateurs apparaissent comme Jean-Paul Gaultier (qui a remis les corsets à la mode), Claude Montana, Christian Lacroix (qui mise sur l’explosion des couleurs) ou encore Chantal Thomass (spécialiste des sous-vêtements sexy). Le prêt-à-porter n’est pas en reste, avec Jean-Charles de Castelbajac ou encore Vanessa Bruno et Isabel Marant.

Les Galeries Lafayette du boulevard Haussmann. Aujourd’hui, Paris doit faire face à la concurrence de New York, Los Angeles, Milan et de certaines villes asiatiques. La ville occupe néanmoins une place éminente sur la scène mondiale, en particulier pour la joaillerie (concentrée place Vendôme et rue de la Paix) et la haute couture. L’habillement de luxe est particulièrement présent dans le 8e arrondissement, avenue Montaigne ou rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré notamment. On y trouve le siège de LVMH, premier groupe mondial dans le secteur du luxe, Hermès, Cartier, Dior et les boutiques de nombreux grands couturiers indépendants ou affiliés à de grands groupes tels que LVMH ou PPR. Paris est aussi une des capitales du « shopping » et des magasins aux enseignes réputées et présentes partout dans le monde, les Galeries Lafayette ou le Printemps. La ville vit naître les grands magasins modernes, fondés sur l’idée révolutionnaire, à l’époque, de présenter Denver Divorce Attorney un assortiment large et profond, des prix fixes et apparents, un accès direct et une mise en valeur de la marchandise dans un espace de vente dont l’agencement, la composition et les décors ont été réfléchis. Le premier exemple du genre est Le Bon Marché transformé en 1852. En 1883, Émile Zola, dans le roman Au Bonheur des Dames décrit la vie d’une employée d’un grand magasin. Paris dans le neuvième art[modifier] Paris et la bande dessinée sont de vieilles amies. Dès le début du siècle, des créateurs précurseurs du neuvième art font de la capitale le décor privilégié des aventures de leurs personnages. En 1905 apparaît Annak Labornez, plus connue sous le sobriquet de Bécassine, qui part bien vite travailler à Paris, chez la marquise de Grand’Air. En 1908, trois authentiques Parigots commencent à arpenter le pavé parisien, au gré de leurs filouteries et arnaques en tout genre : Croquignol, Ribouldingue et Filochard deviennent célèbres sous le nom des Pieds Nickelés. Au sortir de la guerre, la bande dessinée est incontestablement belge, avec deux grandes écoles : la Ligne claire, pour le journal de Tintin, sous la houlette de Hergé, et l’école de Marcinelle, pour Spirou, inspirée par Joseph Gillain. Elle entame sa migration vers la France et Paris en 1959, avec la création par René Goscinny, Albert Uderzo et Jean-Michel Charlier de Pilote. C’est en France que la bande dessinée entame son renouveau, voyant apparaitre des auteurs tels que Philippe Druillet, Giraud, Fred… En 1978, Casterman lance son propre journal, (À suivre), ambitieux magazine qui verra exploser le plus parisien des auteurs de BD, Jacques Tardi, avec Les Aventures extraordinaires d’Adèle Blanc-Sec. Aujourd’hui, les principaux éditeurs sont à Paris, dans la lignée des pionniers du début du siècle comme la dynastie des Offenstadt et leur Société parisienne d’édition. Et c’est à Paris que la Nouvelle bande dessinée a pris racine, avec les jeunes auteurs indépendants : Joann Sfar, Lewis Trondheim, Jean-Christophe Menu, Winshluss, David B…. Principales bandes dessinées ayant pour décor la ville de Paris : Il était une fois une fille que j’ai rencontrée deux fois de Davy Mourier, Kiki de Montparnasse de José-Luis Bocquet, Louis la Lune de Alban Guillemois, Le Mystère Tour Eiffel de Armand Guérin et Chicago Criminal Defense Lawyer Fabien Lacaf, Chambres Noires de Olivier Bleys et Yomgui Dumont, Le Diable Amoureux et autres films jamais tournés par Méliès de Fabien Vehlmann et Franz Duchazeau… Paris, capitale du cinéma[modifier] La première projection cinématographique publique a été réalisée à Paris, le 28 décembre 1895, par Antoine Lumière. C’est également à Paris que Georges Méliès (1861-1938) invente « l’art du cinéma » et le spectacle cinématographique : avant lui les films sont uniquement des documentaires ou des démonstrations techniques. Georges Méliès est connu pour les développements qu’il apporta aux techniques du cinéma, essentiellement dans le domaine du scénario et des trucages. Il est le premier réalisateur et le créateur du premier Studio de cinéma. La première projection cinéma numérique publique d’Europe a été réalisée à Paris, le 2 février 2000, par Philippe Binant175. Paris, le mythe et la réalité[modifier] L’histoire de France et celle de sa capitale sont depuis longtemps intimement liées, du « Paris vaut bien une messe » (attribué à Henri IV qui y laissa sa vie)[réf. nécessaire] au « Paris, Paris outragé ! Paris brisé ! Paris martyrisé ! mais Paris libéré176 ! » (célèbre phrase du général de Gaulle prononcée le 25 août 1944, lendemain de la Libération de Paris). En effet, un grand nombre d’événements emblématiques de l’histoire nationale se sont déroulés à Paris, capitale où se concentrent temps forts, tensions et douleurs mais aussi joies collectives : grandes heures de la Révolution française, Commune de Paris, manifestations du Front populaire. Les pages de l’histoire de France peuvent donc facilement s’illustrer par Paris, qui loin de n’être que le centre de la vie politique du pays, bénéficie d’une image qui, par son rayonnement culturel, ne peut se réduire à une accumulation de clichés : sa cour des miracles, ses monuments mondialement célèbres, la Tour Eiffel, son métropolitain, ses expositions universelles, les chansons (celles de la Belle Époque, de l’Entre-deux-guerres, d’Édith Piaf, ou de Maurice Chevalier). La ville de la fête et de la frivolité (avec ses cabarets), du swing et du jazz de l’après guerre, des cinémas, est aussi celle du progrès, celle où se réalise la réussite sociale (si souvent décrite dans la littérature)[réf. nécessaire]. Cet ensemble a constitué le mythe de Paris[réf. nécessaire]. Ces représentations s’assoient sur une dualité, une représentation matérielle et une spirituelle et symbolique[réf. nécessaire]. Pourtant la ville a fortement évolué au cours des siècles, les travaux d’Haussmann l’ont radicalement modifiée, les transformations des « trente Glorieuses » ont encore modifié l’aspect de Bankruptcy plusieurs quartiers, des générations de Parisiens se sont succédé, Paris change sans cesse, Paris évolue mais « Paris sera toujours Paris », par sa façon de se transformer sans cesse tout en restant la même et en conservant son âme177. Paris ne parvient toujours pas à concilier concentration de richesses et qualité de vie[réf. nécessaire], contrairement à plusieurs grandes villes de France[réf. nécessaire] qui ont su développer leur attractivité économique et culturelle tout en conservant un environnement de qualité, ce qui explique en partie leur dynamisme démographique que ne possède plus Paris. La capitale reste largement en tête des villes de France pour sa puissance économique, le choix de filières et d’écoles pour l’enseignement supérieur, son offre culturelle d’exception, l’offre de soins et la qualité d’accès aux nouvelles technologies (couverture ADSL à 100 %, large concurrence des opérateurs internet et récemment le déploiement de la fibre optique résidentielle et du Wi-Fi gratuit mis en place par la municipalité). Sa qualité environnementale (pollution, part réduite des espaces verts) reste médiocre et les prix de l’immobilier ne cessent d’atteindre les sommets178. Ces données nationales sont toutefois à relativiser, en effet, selon l’indice Mercer, Paris est la 33e ville du monde en termes de qualité de vie avec un indice de 102,7 en ne se classant toutefois qu’en 60e position en termes d’hygiène et de santé, notamment handicapée par son niveau de pollution malgré la qualité de ses soins médicaux179. Héraldique, logotype et devise[modifier] Article détaillé : Blason de Paris.

Logotype de la mairie de Paris.

Les armes de Paris se blasonnent ainsi : « De gueules à la nef équipée et habillée d’argent voguant sur des ondes du même mouvant de la pointe, au chef cousu d’azur fleurdelysé d’or » Devise : Fluctuat nec mergitur, ce qui signifie « Il est battu par les flots mais Professional Development For Teachers ne sombre pas » ou encore « Il flotte mais ne sombre pas180 ». Elle évoque le navire également représenté sur le blason de la ville et symbole de la puissante corporation des Nautes ou Marchands de l’eau, gérante de la municipalité au Moyen Âge. La patronne de la ville est sainte Geneviève, qui aurait écarté Attila et les Huns de la ville au ve siècle par ses prières. Sa châsse se trouve aujourd’hui à l’église Saint-Étienne-du-Mont. La mairie s’est en outre doté d’un logotype reprenant les couleurs bleu et rouge et le dessin de la nef.

Pour approfondir[modifier]

Bibliographie[modifier] Article détaillé : Bibliographie sur Paris. Marcel Le Clère, Paris de la Préhistoire à nos jours, Éd. Bordessoules, 1985, 705 p. ? p. 101-104. ? p. 244 ? p. 406-418. ? p. 418-424. ? p. 424-430. ? p. 430-435. ? p. 436-442. ? p. 452-510. ? p. 510-517. ? p. 518-521. ? p. 573-574. ? p. 579-592. ? p. 593-594. ? p. 593-611. ? p. 613-620. ? p. 620-628. ? p. 628-632. ? p. 665-668. ? p. 668-670. Alfred Fierro, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, Éd. Robert Laffont, 1996, 1580 p. ? p. 748 ? p.8-9. ? p. 11-14. ? p. 14-15. ? p. 22. ? p. 32. ? p. 31. ? p. 35-41. ? p. 47-52. ? p. 54-56. ? p. 60. ? p. 62-64. ? p. 68-73. ? p. 74-78. ? p. 78-81 ? p. 97-98. ? p. 194-204. ? p. 471-472 ? p. 225-226. ? p. 1109-1112 ? p. 931-936. ? p. 774-775. Liens externes[modifier] Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : « Paris », sur Wikimedia Commons (ressources multimédia) « Paris », sur le Wiktionnaire (dictionnaire universel) « Paris », sur Wikibooks (livres pédagogiques) « Paris », sur Wikisource (bibliothèque universelle) « Paris », sur Wikiquote (recueil de citations) « Paris », sur Wikinews (actualités libres)

Il existe une catégorie dédiée à ce sujet : Paris. (mul) Site de la mairie de Paris (mul) Site de l’office du tourisme et des congrès Notes et références[modifier]

Notes[modifier] ? Seul Manhattan avec 26 000 habitants/km2 a une densité de population supérieure sur une superficie relativement comparable. ? La politique de la ville est ciblée vers certaines « zones urbaines sensibles » (ZUS) délimitées dans ces arrondissements (voir la liste et les plans des ZUS [archive] sur le site du ministère de la Ville). ? Ces superficies incluent l’emprise de la Seine. Les superficies sont respectivement de 3 288 ha en 1859 et 7 088 ha en 1860 si l’on défalque l’emprise de la Seine. Source : Statistique de la France comparée avec les autres États de l’Europe, Maurice Block, Paris, 1860, p.397-399 [archive]. ? Paris souffre malgré tout de bombardements, qui se multiplient à partir de 1942. ? Paris et les départements de banlieue sont notamment regroupés au sein du SIAAP, Syndicat interdépartemental pour l’assainissement de l’agglomération parisienne. Par ailleurs, le Syndicat des transports d’Île-de-France (STIF), désormais établissement public de la région Île-de-France, est l’autorité organisatrice de transports responsable de l’ensemble des transports collectifs de Paris et de la banlieue. ? Mais réaménagé sous le Second Empire ? Devenu public et réaménagé sous le Second Empire ? Le film Hôtel du Nord fut tourné en studio et non au bord du canal Saint-Martin. Références[modifier] ? a et b population légale au 1er janvier 2008 [archive] sur site de l’Insee. Consulté le 1er janvier 2011 ? Résultats du recensement de la population de 2008 – Unité urbaine de Paris (délimitation de 2010) [archive] ? Résultats du recensement de la population – 2008 (Aire urbaine 2010 : Paris (001)) [archive] sur site de l’Insee. Consulté le 18 octobre 2011 ? a et b Le tourisme à Paris, chiffres clés 2008 [archive] sur site de l’Office du Tourisme et des Congrès de Paris, avril 2009. Consulté le 30 juillet 2010. ? a et b Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d’euros [archive] sur site de l’Insee, novembre 2009. Consulté le 31 juillet 2010. ? Statistiques régionales d’Eurostat [archive], Produit intérieur brut régional (Mio. SPA), par régions NUTS 2 (tgs00004). L’Île-de-France a eu un PIB en parité de pouvoir d’achat de 558 330 millions d’euros en 2008 contre 328 322 pour la Lombardie et 266 982 pour la région de Londres. ? PIB régionaux par habitant en 2007 [archive] sur site d’EuroStat, 18 février 2010. Consulté le 30 juillet 2010. ? Les seuils de Paris : étude de l’interface Paris-banlieue [archive] sur site de l’Atelier parisien d’urbanisme, mars 2001. Consulté le 30 juillet 2010 ? Le « Domaine des Sources de la Seine » in Paris en scènes / N°7 2e trimestre 2005 [archive] sur site du CNRS (Paris en scènes / N°7 2e trimestre 2005), 2005. Consulté le 31 juillet 2010 ? Résultats du recensement de la population de 2008 [archive] sur site de l’Insee, octobre 2011. Consulté le 18 octobre 2011 ? Grand dictionnaire Larousse T12 de Pierre Larousse édition 1874 ? Grand dictionnaire Larousse T12 de Pierre Larousse édition 1874 pour les inondations avant 1844 ? Le bassin de Paris, le berceau de la géologie [archive] sur site du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, mai 2002. Consulté le 31 juillet 2010 ? Le bassin de Paris, près de 200 ans de progrès stratigraphiques [archive] sur site du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, mars 2002. Consulté le 31 juillet 2010 ? Paul LEMOINE (1878-1940) [archive] sur site des Annales des Mines. Consulté le 31 juillet 2010 ? Le Lutétien du bassin de Paris [archive] sur site du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris. Consulté le 31 juillet 2010 ? R. Soyer et A. Cailleux, Géologie de la région parisienne, édition Presses universitaires de France, coll. Que-sais-je ?, 1959, page 94 ? R. Soyer et A. Cailleux, op. cit., p. 108 et 109. ? Météo-Paris – Climat de l’Île-de-France [archive] ? a et b Le trafic 2009 [archive] sur site d’Aéroports de Paris. Consulté le 2 août 2010 ? Chiffres Clés Résultats [archive] sur site d’Aéroports de Paris. Consulté le 2 août 2010 ? [PDF] Airparif Actualités n°25 [archive], avril 2005 ? Paris, championne d’Europe des embouteillages [archive], article du 8 novembre 2010 sur ? Le développement de la bicyclette, une politique partagée par toutes les collectivités. [archive] sur site de l’Atelier parisien d’urbanisme (APUR), janvier 2006. Consulté le 4 mars 2011 ? Autolib’ : la voiture électrique en libre-service débarque à Paris [archive] sur site du journal Le Monde. Consulté le 10 octobre 2011 ? Autolib’ [archive] sur Site officiel Autolib’. Consulté le 10 octobre 2011 ? Les renards sont entrés dans Paris, Le Monde, 3 mai 2009, p. 3. ? Îles habitées ? a et b – Logements à Paris selon le nombre de pièces [archive] ? INSEE – Logements à Paris selon l’époque d’achèvement [archive] ? Préfecture de Paris – Les logements [archive] ? Les chiffres du logement social à Paris en 2006. [archive] – Atelier parisien d’urbanisme – [PDF] ? Classement du groupe immobilier « Knight Frank » et de la « Citi Private Bank » ? (en) Citi, Knight Frank ’07 Annual Wealth Report. Prime Resdential Property. [archive]. ? compte-rendu du Figaro : « A Londres, le mètre carré atteint des sommets », Le Figaro du 08/05/2007, [lire en ligne [archive]], Le Figaro du 08/05/2007 ? Site officiel de la direction générale des Impôts [archive] ? Le classement des villes par l’ISF [archive], L’Express du 25/06/2007 ? a, b, c, d et e INSEE – A Paris, les ménages les plus aisés voisins des plus modestes [archive] ? INSEE – À Paris, les ménages les plus aisés voisins des plus modestes [archive] ? Politique de la ville, les quartiers parisiens : 17 % de la population parisienne sur 17 % du territoire. [archive] – Atelier parisien d’urbanisme – [PDF] ? INA – Video en ligne du journal de FR3 du 8.10.1991 : halles aux vins Bercy, découverte de 3 pirogues [archive] ? INA – Video en ligne du journal de FR3 du 27.02.1992 : pirogues de Bercy [archive] ? Le Monde du 24/02/2004 ? Le Monde, 24/7/2008, Lutèce, ville fantôme [archive] ? Amable Audin, Lyon, miroir de Rome dans les Gaules, Résurrection du passé, Fayard, 1965, p. 133 ? Mémoires de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France – 1875 – Ammien Marcelin nomme Lutèce sous le nom de Parisii à la fin du ive siècle [archive] ? Thierry Ier (roi de Reims), Clodomir (roi d’Orléans), Childebert Ier (roi de Paris) et Clotaire Ier (roi de Soissons) ? (en)King’s College, London – Population of London [archive] ? Historia thématique n°107 mai-juin 2007, page 20 : « La Reynie somme les 30 000 habitants de la cour des miracles de déguerpir sous peine de pendre les douze derniers. » ? a et b Démographie de Paris [archive] ? Jean Favier, Paris, 2000 ans d’histoire, p. 195-196 ? Jean Favier, Paris, 2000 ans d’histoire, p. 492-493 ? Arrêté du 12 messidor an VIII (1er juillet 1800) qui règle les attributions du Préfet de Police de Paris [archive] ? Dispositions relatives à la ville de Paris en page 3 du document [archive] ? Voir l’article : Anciennes communes de Paris. ? a et b L’innovation à la Belle époque [archive] Conférence de Marc Giget, Professeur de gestion de l’innovation au conservatoire national des arts et métiers ? L’aviation allemande bombarde Paris, en août et septembre 1914 [archive] ? ordres d’Hitler de détruire Paris [archive] ? Jean Favier : Paris, deux mille ans d’histoire, p. 937 ? Ordre de la Libération – Paris [archive] ? cidu, « Relations franco-allemandes : Histoire ates-clé [archive] » sur cidu.de [archive]. Consulté le 25 novembre 2007 ? L’Express – Les «ratonnades» du 17 octobre 1961 : Retour sur une tragédie [archive] ? UNESCO – Paris, rives de la Seine [archive] ? Le Nouvel Observateur – Logement social : François Fillon vole au secours de Neuilly [archive] ? Libération – Clichy-sous-Bois, des chiffres pour le dire [archive] ? Présidence de la république – Inauguration du Satellite n°3 de Roissy Charles-de-Gaulle [archive] ? Journal Libération du 28 juin 2007 – Nouveau tour de piste pour le « Grand Paris » [archive] ? Journal 20 minutes – Sarkozy relance le projet d’un « Grand Paris » [archive] ? Journal 20 minutes – « Grand Paris » : les élus réagissent [archive] ? Christian Blanc prend en charge la région capitale [archive], Les Echos, 19 mars 2008. Consulté le 3 mai 2008 ? « Le secrétaire d’État abandonne le chantier du Grand Paris au milieu du gué » [archive], Les Échos, 5 juillet martial arts denver 2010. ? Loi n° 2010-597 du 3 juin 2010 relative au Grand Paris [archive] ? André Santini prend la tête de la Société du Grand Paris [archive], Les Echos, 22 juillet 2010. Consulté le 27 juillet 2010 ? Site officiel de la direction générale des Impôts [archive] ? Le Figaro – 28 septembre 2009 – Hausse des impôts locaux à Paris en 2009 [archive] ? Les Échos – Taxe foncière : les villes qui ont subi la plus forte hausse [archive] ? Nouvelle taxe foncière départementale de 3 % et augmentation des 4 taxes locales (taxe d’habitation, taxes sur le foncier bâti et le non bâti et enfin taxe professionnelle), cf. Le Figaro du 29 octobre 2008, Les impôts locaux en hausse de 9 % à Paris en 2009 [archive]. ? Polémique autour d’un livre sur Delanoë [archive], Aude Seres, Lefigaro.fr, 5 octobre 2011 ? Le livre qui agace le maire de Paris [archive], Marie-Anne Gairaud, Leparisien.fr, 6 octobre 2011 ? Le tribunal de grande instance de Paris [archive] ? La cour d’appel de Paris [archive] ? La cour d’appel de Versailles [archive] ? La documentation Française – Criminalité et délinquance constatées en France – Tome I (Année 2006) [archive] ? La documentation Française – Criminalité et délinquance constatées en France – Tome II (Année 2006) [archive] ? Le plan vigipirate expliqué sur le site du Ministère de l’intérieur [archive] ? Document expliquant le plan vigipirate en Ile de France [archive] ? Insee – Résultats du recensement de la population de 2008 – Unité urbaine de Paris [archive], consulté le 23 octobre 2011 ? Insee – Communes composant l’unité urbaine de Paris en 2010 [archive], consulté le 5 septembre 2011 ? Insee – Résultats du recensement de la population de 2008 – Aire urbaine de Paris [archive], consulté le 23 octobre 2011 ? Insee – Résultats du recensement de la population de 2008 – Population par sexe et par âge de la commune de Paris [archive], consulté le 5 septembre 2011 ? Insee – Résultats du recensement de la population de 2008 – Population par sexe et par âge de la France métropolitaine [archive], consulté le 5 septembre 2011 ? INSEE – Aire urbaine 99 : Paris – Migrations (caractère socio-économique selon le lieu de naissance). [archive] ? INSEE – Flux d’immigration permanente par motif en 2003. [archive] ? Luc Gruson, L’Islam en France, ADRI, 2000, (ISBN 2110046465) ? Jonathan Laurence et Justin Vaïsse, Intégrer l’Islam, p. 40, Odile Jacob, 2007 (ISBN 9782738119001) ? Histoire de l’immigration en France [archive] ? APUR – La population étrangère à Paris [archive] [PDF] ? Michèle Tribalat, Les jeunes d’origine étrangère in Revue Commentaire, juin 2009, n°126, p.434 ? a et b Alfred Dittgen, « Logements et taille des ménages dans la dynamique des populations locales. L’exemple de Paris », Population, édition française, 60e année, no 3, mai-juin 2005, p. 307-347 ? Insee [archive] ? [archive] ? Insee – Statistiques locales. Chiffres clés : évolution et structure de la population [archive], consulté le 5 septembre 2011 ? Insee – Statistiques locales – Chiffres clés : logement [archive], consulté le 5 septembre 2011 ? Exemple de migration [archive] ? Insee – Résultats du recensement de la population de 2008 – Ménages à Paris par taille du ménage, sexe et âge de la personne de référence [archive], consulté le 5 septembre 2011 ? Insee – Résultats du recensement de la population de 2008 – Familles par type de famille et nombre d’enfants de moins de 25 ans à Paris [archive], consulté le 5 septembre 2008 ? Insee – Résultats du recensement de la population de 2008 – Couples par état matrimonial des conjoints et nombre d’enfants de moins de 25 ans à Paris [archive], consulté le 5 septembre 2011 ? Ined, L’évolution démographique récente de la France, 2009, tableau 16 [archive], consulté le 5 septembre 2011. ? Insee – Indicateur conjoncturel de fécondité dans les départements d’Île-de-France [archive], consulté le 5 septembre 2011 ? statistiques Insee [archive] ? AP-HP : Les cartes des hôpitaux [archive] ? Ordre national des médecins – Démographie médicale [archive] ? L’accent parisien existe-t-il ? [archive], sur paris.fr, rubrique « Actualités », article du 17 août 2011, consulté le 19 août 2011. ? Église catholique à Paris – Le diocèse de Paris en bref [archive] ? La Basilique du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre – Un lieu de pèlerinage [archive] ? Chapelle Notre Dame de la Médaille Miraculeuse [archive] ? Annuaire Evangélique – 75 [archive] ? Église réformée de France – Région parisienne [archive] ? Église évangelique lutherienne de France – Région parisienne [archive] ? Église de Jésus-Christ des saints des derniers jours, trouver une paroissse [archive] ? Consistoire de Paris [archive] ? Grande mosquée de Paris [archive] ? Guide des Mosquées de France, page sur Paris : détail arrondissement par arrondissement [archive] consulté le 27 août 2008 ? [archive] ? Discount Judaica products Banque Mondiale, « PIB 2008 [archive] ». Consulté le 2010-02-10 ? « Paris, capitale du malthusianisme [archive] », in Le Monde, 2 février 2007 ? « Une ville doit évoluer sous peine de devenir un musée », entretien avec Jean Nouvel, Direct matin, 4 avril 2008, p. 9 ? Immobilier de bureaux : dynamisme du secteur bancaire, Paris devance Londres [archive] ? Global 500 2008: Cities [archive] ? Paris Ile de France, capitale Economique [archive] ? Industries de haute technologie et services fondés sur la connaissance [archive] ? (en) [PDF] UK Economic Outlook [archive], chiffres de 2005 (PriceWaterhouseCoopers) ; d’après cette étude, T?ky?, New York et Los Angeles distancent Chicago, Paris et Londres qui ont des PIB comparables ; toutefois, Londres dépasserait Chicago et Paris d’ici à 2020. ? [archive] ? Chambre Régionale de Commerce et d’Industrie : Les chiffres-clés de la région Île-de-France – Édition 2007 [archive] ? INSEE – Les salaires offerts à Paris : pas d’effet « capitale » [archive]. ? CC-Résumé statistique/com,dep,zone empl [archive] sur site de l’INSEE. Consulté le 9 septembre 2009 ? a, b, c et d Préfecture de Paris – Schéma de développement commercial de Paris : les secteurs d’activités économiques [archive] ? Les structures d’accueil des entreprises dans Paris [archive] ? Assurer la diversité du commerce. Les nouvelles règles du Plan local d’urbanisme de Paris. Spécial PLU. [archive] – Atelier parisien d’urbanisme – [PDF] ? Magazine GEO, no 393 de novembre 2011, p. 60. ? ainsi nommé par la Chambre de commerce et d’industrie de Paris : La CCIP propose d’accélérer l’implantation des centres de décision des entreprises internationales en Ile de France [archive] ? Plan du site de La Défense [archive] ? pay day loan Voir par exemple les cercles sur une carte de la CCIP [archive] (page 6) [PDF] ? Voir la carte p. 6 de ce document de la CCIP [archive] [PDF] ? « Quelques chiffres utiles afin de comprendre la Défense » [archive] sur le site de l’EPAD. ? Attractivité économique et création d’ entreprises, les forces des territoires. [archive] – Atelier parisien d’urbanisme – [PDF] ? réalisée par le cabinet « Global Market Insite » ? L’écho touristique – Paris fête le tourisme [archive] ? La Tribune – Les parisiens incités à mieux accueillir les touristes [archive] ? a et b CRCI Paris p.21 [archive] ? Chiffres clés – Office du Tourisme et des Congrès, éd.2011 p.3 [archive] ? Mairie de Paris – Une dynamique pour Paris p.2 [archive] ? Mairie de Paris – Une dynamique pour Paris p.8 [archive] ? Chiffres clés – Office du Tourisme et des Congrès, éd.2011 p.30 [archive] ? Chiffres clés – Office du Tourisme et des Congrès, éd.2011 [archive] ? Inhumation de Napoléon aux invalides [archive] ? Paris 1900 – Charles Plumet [archive] ? Geoffroy de Courcel, Introduction du colloque « De Gaulle et Malraux » [archive], charles-de-gaulle.org, consulté le 29 juillet 2008 ? France culture, Grandes Traversées, François Truffaut, 1/5 : Le temps de la critique [archive], émission du lundi 28 juillet 2008 consultée sur internet le 29 juillet 2008 ? UNESCO – Palais et parc de Versailles [archive] ? APUR – Salles de cinéma à Paris et en petite couronne (2000) [archive] [PDF] ? Collectif, sous la direction de Marcel Le Clère, op. cit., p. 641. ?  [archive]La Comédie humaine de Balzac sur Gallica ? Eugène de Rastignac et Lucien de Rubempré, qui y perd la vie, sont sans doute les deux ambitieux les plus célèbres ? Voir Le Père Goriot ou Z. Marcas entre autres ? Magazine l’Internaute – Dalida, une vie parisienne [archive] ? L’Express – Eugène Atget, un regard capital [archive], article du 3/5/2007 ? INA : Le Paris de Doisneau [archive] ? L’Express – La passion Doisneau [archive], article du 2/11/2006 ? L’Express – Willy Ronis « Ce sont les petites gens qui m’intéressent » [archive], article du 20/10/2005 ? Allocine – Ratatouille: les secrets du tournage [archive] ? p. 681-682 ? Test de The Saboteur [archive] sur Jeuxvideo.com ? The Saboteur – Test sur PS3 [archive] sur Gamekult ? Cahiers du cinéma, n° hors-série, avril 2000, p. 32. ? INA – Charles de Gaulle : Petite phrase (« Paris outragé ! Paris brisé !… ») [archive] ? Les deux Paris : Les représentations de Paris dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle [archive] ? L’Express, « classement de la qualité de vie en France sur 15 critères », 12/10/2006 [archive] ? Le classement complet 2007 sur le site des Echos [archive] ? Josette Eugénie Spink, Le beau pays de France, Ginn and Company, 1922 , p. 32. Références issues de , le site officiel de la mairie de Paris ? Dimensions [archive] sur site de la mairie de Paris, 1er juillet 2010. Consulté le 20 mars 2011 ? Mairie de Paris – Le climat [archive] ? Mairie de Paris – Étude sur l’insertion urbaine du boulevard périphérique (2008) [archive] ? Le vélo en chiffres [archive] sur site de la mairie de Paris. Consulté le 2 août 2010 ? page d’accueil [archive] sur site Vélib de la mairie de Paris. Consulté le 2 août 2010 ? En taxi [archive] sur site de la mairie de Paris. Consulté le 2 août 2010 ? Questions réponses sur la qualité de l’air [archive] sur site de la mairie de Paris, 3 juin 2008. Consulté le 3 août 2010 ? Plan Local d’Urbanisme – Règlement à la parcelle [archive] sur site de la mairie de Paris. Consulté le 3 août 2010 ? Recherche des rues de Paris [archive] sur site de la mairie de Paris. Consulté le 3 août 2010 ? Historique et évolution [archive] ? démographie de Paris [archive] ? Le jumelage avec Rome [archive] ? Cinquantenaire du Jumelage Paris-Rome [archive] ? Paris Politiques> Statut et institutions de Paris> L’évolution du statut de Paris> Les récentes évolutions législatives [archive] ? Une histoire croisée de Paris et de ses banlieues [archive]. ? Conférence métropolitaine de l’agglomération parisienne [archive] ? a, b et c Budget 2009 de la ville de Paris [archive] ? Le budget primitif 2008 : état de la dette weight loss pills [archive] ? Éducation : Les établissements en chiffres [archive] ? Écoles supérieures de la ville de Paris [archive]. ? Équipements municipaux [archive] ? Parc des Princes [archive] ? Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy [archive] ? Mairie de Paris – Stade Sébastien Charléty [archive] ? Stade Sébastien Charléty [archive] ? Roland Garros [archive] ? Site de la ville de Paris [archive] ? Musées [archive] ? Les 55 bibliothèques de Paris [archive] ? bibliothèques thématiques de Paris [archive] ? Bibliothèques [archive] ? Cinéma en chiffres [archive] Précédée par Capitale européenne de la culture 1989  Suivie par  Berlin-Ouest   Paris  Glasgow  [afficher] v · d · m Communes de l’aire urbaine de Paris  [afficher] v · d · m Communes les plus peuplées de France Les communes de plus de 100 000 habitants  [afficher] v · d · m Départements français  [afficher] v · d · m Préfectures et chefs-lieux de collectivités de France  [afficher] v · d · m  Capitales des pays membres de l’Union européenne  [afficher] v · d · m Villes organisatrices des Jeux olympiques d’été  Portail de Paris  Portail des communes de France   Cet article est reconnu comme « article de qualité » depuis sa version du 3 janvier 2008 (comparer avec la version actuelle). Pour toute information complémentaire, consulter sa page de discussion et le vote l’ayant promu. La version du 3 janvier 2008 de cet article a été reconnue comme « article de qualité », c’est-à-dire qu’elle répond à des critères de qualité concernant le style, la clarté, la pertinence, la citation des sources et l’illustration. Catégories : ParisParis MétropoleVille décorée de la Légion d’honneurCommune Compagnon de la LibérationVille décorée de la Croix de guerre 1914-1918Port fluvialAncien chef-lieu de district | [+]